Statistics 11th Edition by Robert S. Witte, ISBN-13: 978-1119254515

Description

Statistics 11th Edition by Robert S. Witte, ISBN-13: 978-1119254515

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

496 pages

Publisher: Wiley; 11 edition (December 27, 2016)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1119254515

ISBN-13: 978-1119254515

Drawing upon over 40 years of experience, the authors of Statistics, 11th Edition provide students with a clear and methodical approach to essential statistical procedures. The text clearly explains the basic concepts and procedures of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. It features an emphasis on expressions involving sums of squares and degrees of freedom as well as a strong stress on the importance of variability. This accessible approach will help students tackle such perennially mystifying topics as the standard deviation, variance interpretation of the correlation coefficient, hypothesis tests, degrees of freedom, p-values, and estimates of effect size.

Table of contents:

Preface……Page 3

Contents……Page 6

Introduction……Page 14

WHAT IS STATISTICS?……Page 15

MORE ABOUT INFERENTIAL STATISTICS……Page 16

THREE TYPES OF DATA……Page 19

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT……Page 20

TYPES OF VARIABLES……Page 24

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK……Page 28

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 30

— Descriptive Statistics……Page 33

Tables & Graphs……Page 34

TABLES (FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA……Page 35

GUIDELINES……Page 36

OUTLIERS……Page 39

RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS……Page 40

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS……Page 42

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR QUALITATIVE (NOMINAL) DATA……Page 43

INTERPRETING DISTRIBUTIONS CONSTRUCTED BY OTHERS……Page 44

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA……Page 45

TYPICAL SHAPES……Page 49

A GRAPH FOR QUALITATIVE (NOMINAL) DATA……Page 51

MISLEADING GRAPHS……Page 52

DOING IT YOURSELF……Page 53

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 55

Averages……Page 59

MODE……Page 60

MEDIAN……Page 61

MEAN……Page 63

WHICH AVERAGE?……Page 65

AVERAGES FOR QUALITATIVE AND RANKED DATA……Page 67

NOTE ON COMPUTATIONAL ACCURACY……Page 69

Variability……Page 72

INTUITIVE APPROACH……Page 73

RANGE……Page 74

VARIANCE……Page 75

STANDARD DEVIATION……Page 76

DETAILS: STANDARD DEVIATION……Page 79

)……Page 87

INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)……Page 88

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY FOR QUALITATIVE AND RANKED DATA……Page 90

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 91

Normal Distributions & Standard (z) Scores……Page 94

THE NORMAL CURVE……Page 95

SCORES……Page 98

STANDARD NORMAL CURVE……Page 99

SOLVING NORMAL CURVE PROBLEMS……Page 101

FINDING PROPORTIONS……Page 102

FINDING SCORES……Page 107

SCORES……Page 112

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 115

Correlation……Page 119

AN INTUITIVE APPROACH……Page 120

SCATTERPLOTS……Page 121

A CORRELATION COEFFICIENT FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA:……Page 125

DETAILS: COMPUTATION FORMULA FOR……Page 129

OUTLIERS AGAIN……Page 130

OTHER TYPES OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS……Page 131

COMPUTER OUTPUT……Page 132

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 136

Regression……Page 138

TWO ROUGH PREDICTIONS……Page 139

A REGRESSION LINE……Page 140

LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION LINE……Page 142

STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE,……Page 145

ASSUMPTIONS……Page 147

INTERPRETATION OF……Page 148

REGRESSION TOWARD THE MEAN……Page 153

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 156

— Inferential Statistics……Page 158

Populations, Samples & Probability……Page 159

POPULATIONS……Page 160

SAMPLES……Page 161

TABLES OF RANDOM NUMBERS……Page 162

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SUBJECTS……Page 164

SURVEYS OR EXPERIMENTS?……Page 165

DEFINITION……Page 166

ADDITION RULE……Page 167

MULTIPLICATION RULE……Page 168

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS……Page 172

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 174

Sampling Distribution of the Mean……Page 179

WHAT IS A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION?……Page 180

CREATING A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION FROM SCRATCH……Page 181

)……Page 184

)……Page 185

SHAPE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION……Page 187

OTHER SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS……Page 189

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 190

Intro to Hypothesis Testing – z Test……Page 193

TESTING A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT SAT SCORES……Page 194

TEST FOR A POPULATION MEAN……Page 196

STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE……Page 197

STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM……Page 198

)……Page 199

DECISION RULE……Page 200

DECISION……Page 201

INTERPRETATION……Page 202

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 204

More about Hypothesis Testing……Page 206

WHY HYPOTHESIS TESTS?……Page 207

STRONG OR WEAK DECISIONS……Page 208

ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED TESTS……Page 210

CHOOSING A LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE ( )……Page 213

TESTING A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT VITAMIN C……Page 214

FOUR POSSIBLE OUTCOMES……Page 215

REALLY IS TRUE……Page 217

EFFECT……Page 218

EFFECT……Page 220

INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE……Page 222

POWER AND SAMPLE SIZE……Page 224

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 229

Estimation (Confidence Intervals)……Page 232

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (CI) FOR……Page 233

LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE……Page 237

EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE……Page 238

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR POPULATION PERCENT……Page 239

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 242

Test for 1 Sample……Page 244

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF……Page 245

TEST……Page 248

)……Page 249

TEST……Page 250

BASED ON……Page 252

ASSUMPTIONS……Page 253

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 254

Test for 2 Independent Samples……Page 256

EPO EXPERIMENT……Page 257

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES……Page 258

–……Page 259

TEST……Page 261

TEST……Page 263

CONTROL……Page 264

-VALUES……Page 266

STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESULTS……Page 269

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE: POINT ESTIMATES AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS……Page 270

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE: COHEN’S……Page 273

IMPORTANCE OF REPLICATION……Page 275

REPORTS IN THE LITERATURE……Page 276

ASSUMPTIONS……Page 277

COMPUTER OUTPUT……Page 278

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 280

Test for 2 related Samples……Page 284

EPO EXPERIMENT WITH REPEATED MEASURES……Page 285

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF……Page 288

TEST……Page 289

TEST……Page 290

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE……Page 292

TESTS FOR POPULATION MEANS……Page 294

TEST FOR THE POPULATION CORRELATION COEFFICIENT,……Page 296

TEST FOR A POPULATION CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (Greeting Card Exchange)……Page 298

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 299

ANOVA (1 Factor)……Page 303

TESTING A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND AGGRESSION……Page 304

TWO SOURCES OF VARIABILITY……Page 305

TEST……Page 307

DETAILS: VARIANCE ESTIMATES……Page 310

RATIO……Page 315

DISTRIBUTION……Page 316

ANOVA SUMMARY TABLES……Page 318

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE……Page 319

MULTIPLE COMPARISONS……Page 322

REPORTS IN THE LITERATURE……Page 326

COMPUTER OUTPUT……Page 327

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 330

ANOVA (Repeated Measures)……Page 333

SLEEP DEPRIVATION EXPERIMENT WITH REPEATED MEASURES……Page 334

TEST……Page 335

TWO COMPLICATIONS……Page 336

DETAILS: VARIANCE ESTIMATES……Page 337

RATIO……Page 340

ANOVA SUMMARY TABLES……Page 342

MULTIPLE COMPARISONS……Page 344

REPORTS IN THE LITERATURE……Page 346

ASSUMPTIONS……Page 347

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 348

ANOVA (2 Factors)……Page 350

A TWO-FACTOR EXPERIMENT: RESPONSIBILITY IN CROWDS……Page 351

TESTS……Page 353

INTERACTION……Page 355

DETAILS: VARIANCE ESTIMATES……Page 358

RATIOS……Page 362

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE……Page 364

MULTIPLE COMPARISONS……Page 365

SIMPLE EFFECTS……Page 366

REPORTS IN THE LITERATURE……Page 369

OTHER TYPES OF ANOVA……Page 371

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 372

Chi-Square (χ2) Test for Qualitative (Nominal) Data……Page 376

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES……Page 377

DETAILS: CALCULATING……Page 378

DISTRIBUTION……Page 380

TEST……Page 381

LOST LETTER STUDY……Page 383

DETAILS: CALCULATING……Page 384

TEST……Page 387

ESTIMATING EFFECT SIZE……Page 388

ODDS RATIOS……Page 389

SOME PRECAUTIONS……Page 391

COMPUTER OUTPUT……Page 392

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 393

Tests for Ranked (Ordinal) Data……Page 397

TEST (TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES)……Page 398

TEST (TWO RELATED SAMPLES)……Page 403

TEST (THREE OR MORE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES)……Page 407

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 411

Postscript – which Test?……Page 414

QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE DATA?……Page 415

DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF DATA……Page 417

ONE, TWO, OR MORE GROUPS?……Page 418

REVIEW QUESTIONS……Page 419

Math Review……Page 422

A.1 PRETEST……Page 423

A.3 ORDER OF OPERATIONS……Page 424

A.4 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS……Page 425

A.5 FRACTIONS……Page 426

A.6 SQUARE ROOT RADICALS ( )……Page 427

A.9 ANSWERS (WITH RELEVANT REVIEW SECTIONS)……Page 428

Answers……Page 430

Tables……Page 468

Glossary……Page 482

Index……Page 487

Symbols……Page 491

Selecting appropriate Hypothesis Test……Page 492

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