Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 6th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-1071817940

Description

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 6th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-1071817940

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; Sixth edition (November 8, 2022)
• Language: ‎ English
• 320 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1071817949
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1071817940

The sixth edition of the best-selling text, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches by John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell, continues to provide clear and concise instruction for designing research projects or developing research proposals. This user-friendly text walks readers through research methods, from reviewing the literature to writing a research question and stating a hypothesis to designing the study. At each step in the process, the authors address qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to encourage readers to choose the approach that best fits the research question. Numerous examples draw from a wide variety of disciplines, featuring diverse philosophical ideas and modes of inquiry. Features like bullet points, numbered steps, and annotated research examples help students focus on the most important information in research design.

The Sixth Edition has been fully revised to reflect the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association with more inclusive language, updated citation styles, and updated writing suggestions. Learning objectives are now included at the start of each chapter. To help readers better achieve these learning objectives, the authors have clarified and improved the writing exercises to help readers better achieve these learning objectives. The final three chapters detailing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods now have a parallel structure so readers can better compare and contrast these approaches. Chapter 10 on mixed methods in particular has been restructured to reflect the latest developments in mixed methods and best practices. New research examples throughout help capture and demonstrate new trends in research.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Companion Website

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

PART I PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

Chapter 1 The Selection of a Research Approach

Learning Objectives

Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter

Three Approaches or Methodologies in Research

Three Major Components of a Research Approach

Philosophical Worldviews

The Postpositivist Worldview

The Constructivist Worldview

The Transformative Worldview

The Pragmatic Worldview

Research Designs

Quantitative Designs

Qualitative Designs

Mixed Methods Designs

Research Methods

Interconnecting Worldviews, Designs, and Methods

Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach

The Research Problem and Questions

Personal Experiences

Audience

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 2 Review of the Literature

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Research Topic

A Draft Title

A Significant Topic

The Purpose and Organization of a Literature Review

Purpose of a Literature Review

The Organization of the Literature Review

General Forms

A Qualitative Structure

A Quantitative Structure

A Mixed Methods Structure

Steps in Conducting a Literature Review

Searching the Literature

Computer Databases

Types of Literature

Priority of the Literature

Overall Evaluation Quality

Abstracting the Literature

Components of an Abstract

Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Abstracts

A Literature Map

Style Manual Use

The Definition of Terms

General Guidelines

Special Terms

► Example 2.2 Defining Terms in a Dissertation

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 3 The Use of Theory

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Varied Use of Theory

Quantitative Theory Use

Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research

Variables in Quantitative Research

Testing Causal Claims in Quantitative Research

Stating Theories in Quantitative Research

Placement of Quantitative Theories

Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective

► Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section

Qualitative Theory Use

Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research

Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research

► Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study

► Example 3.3 Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study

Mixed Methods Theory Use

Types of Mixed Methods Theory Use

Importance of a Theory

Distinctions Between a Theory and a Worldview

A Theoretically Driven Mixed Methods Study

What Theory Informs

► Example 3.4 A Discipline-Based Theory in a Mixed Methods Study

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Writing the Proposal

Topics Presented in a Proposal

A Qualitative Proposal

► Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist or Interpretivist Format

A Quantitative Proposal

► Example 4.2 A Qualitative Participatory or Social Justice Format

► Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format

A Mixed Methods Proposal

► Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format

Designing the Sections of a Proposal

Writing Strategies

The Process

The Habit of Writing

Clear and Concise Writing

Coherence

Voice, Tense, and “Fat”

Ethical Issues

Prior to Beginning the Study

Beginning the Study

Collecting the Data

Analyzing the Data

Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

PART II DESIGNING RESEARCH

Chapter 5 The Introduction

Learning Objectives

Introduction to a Study

The Importance of Introductions

An Abstract for a Study

Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions

A Model for an Introduction

An Illustration of an Introduction

The Research Problem

Evidence From the Literature Justifying the Problem

Deficiencies in the Evidence

► Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature—Needed Studies

► Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature—Few Studies

Importance of the Problem for Audiences

► Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 6 The Purpose Statement

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Significance of a Purpose (or Study Aim) Statement

A Qualitative Purpose Statement

► Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study

► Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Case Study

► Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in a Narrative Study

► Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study

A Quantitative Purpose Statement

► Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Survey Study

► Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study

► Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study

A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement

► Example 6.8 A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement

► Example 6.9 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement

► Example 6.10 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 7 Research Questions and Hypotheses

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses

► Example 7.1 Script for a Descriptive Quantitative Research Question

► Example 7.2 Script for a Relationship-Oriented Quantitative Research Question and Directional Hypothesis

► Example 7.3 Example of Quantitative Directional Hypotheses

Qualitative Research Questions

► Example 7.4 A Qualitative Central Question in an Ethnography

► Example 7.5 Qualitative Central Questions in a Case Study

► Example 7.6 Qualitative Sub-Questions

Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses

► Example 7.7 Statement of Objectives in a Mixed Methods Study

► Example 7.8 Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Putting Quantitative Research in Context

Quantitative Designs

Components of a Survey Study Method Plan

The Survey Design

The Purpose

Rationale for Using the Survey Method

Type of Survey Method

Specify the Form of Data Collection

The Population and Sample

The Population

Sampling Design

Type of Sampling

Population Stratification

Sample Size Determination

Power Analysis

Instrumentation

The Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data

Instruments and Measures

Validity of Scores Using the Instrument

Reliability of Scores on the Instrument

Inter-Rater Reliability

Sample Items

Content of an Instrument

Pilot Testing

Administering the Survey

Variables in the Study

Data Analysis

Preregistering the Study Plan

Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section

Reporting Results

Statistical Tests in Survey Research

Practical Evidence

Context of Previous Studies

Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan

Participants

Recruiting Participants

Random Assignment

Power Analysis for Sample Size

Formal Design Statement

Variables

Independent Variables

Manipulation Check

Dependent Variables

Other Variables

Instrumentation and Materials

Materials

Cover Story

Experimental Procedures

Type of Experiment

► Example 8.1 Pre-Experimental Designs

► Example 8.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs

► Example 8.3 True Experimental Designs

► Example 8.4 Single-Subject Designs

Threats to Validity

Internal Validity

External Validity

The Procedure

Data Analysis

Reporting the Descriptive Statistics

Preliminary Analysis

Inferential Statistical Tests

Factorial Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Preregistering the Study Plan

Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section

► Example 8.5 An Experimental Method Plan

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 9 Qualitative Methods

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Putting Qualitative Research Into Context

Participants’ Meanings

Natural Setting

Researcher as Key Instrument

Multiple Sources of Data

Inductive and Deductive Data Analysis

Emergent Design

Reflexivity

Researcher’s Role

A Complex Account

The Approach or Design

Descriptive Methods

Analytic Frameworks

Data Collection Procedures

Sampling and Recruitment

Permissions

Data Collection Types

Ethical Issues

Data Recording Procedures

Observation Protocol or Guide

Interview Protocol

Data Analysis Procedures

Simultaneous Procedures

Winnowing the Data

Using Qualitative Computer Software Programs

Steps in the Analytic Process

Step 1. Organizing and Preparing the Data for Analysis

Step 2. Reading Through All the Data

Step 3. Coding the Data

Step 4. Identifying Themes

Step 5. Developing a Story Line Interpretation

Step 6. Further Analyzing the Data Using an Analytic Framework

Step 7. Representing and Interpreting the Data

Coding the Data

Expected Codes

Surprising Codes

Codes of Unusual or Conceptual Interest

Predetermined Codes

Visual Images as Codes

Interpretation

Validity and Reliability

Defining Qualitative Validity

Validity Strategies

Reliability Strategies

Intercoder Agreement

Qualitative Generalization

Writing the Qualitative Report

Writing Strategies

A Sample Qualitative Method Section

The Qualitative Research Paradigm

The Ethnographic Research Design

The Researcher’s Role

Bounding the Study

Setting

Actors

Events

Processes

Ethical Considerations

Data Collection Strategies

Data Analysis Procedures

Verification

Reporting the Findings

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Putting Mixed Methods Research in Perspective

Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research

Justification for Using Mixed Methods Research

Definitions of Mixed Methods Terms

Open- and Closed-Ended Data

Research Design

Integration

Joint Display

Metainferences

The Process of Conducting a Mixed Methods Study

Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection

Core Mixed Methods Designs

The Convergent Mixed Methods Design

Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

Complex Mixed Methods Designs

Types of Complex Designs

Development of Complex Designs

Examples of Complex Designs

Incorporating Core Designs Into Complex Designs

Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design

Choice Based on Intent and Procedures

Other Reasons for Choosing a Design

Popular Designs in a Field or Discipline

The Single Researcher Versus a Team

Choice of Design by Advisers or Mentors

Secondary Reasons for a Choice

Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures

► Example 10.1 A Convergent Mixed Methods Design

► Example 10.2 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

► Example 10.3 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

► Example 10.4 Social Justice Design

Summary

Key Terms

Writing Exercises

Additional Readings

Glossary

References

Author Index

Subject Index

John W. Creswell is a Professor of Educational Psychology at Teachers College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He is affiliated with a graduate program in educational psychology that specializes in quantitative and qualitative methods in education. In this program, he specializes in qualitative and quantitative research designs and methods, multimethod research, and faculty and academic leadership issues in colleges and universities.

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