Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil Carlson, ISBN-13: 978-0205947997

Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil Carlson, ISBN-13: 978-0205947997

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 9th edition (February 14, 2013)
• Language: ‎ English
• 492 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0205947999
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0205947997

Helps apply the research findings of behavioral neuroscience to daily life.

The ninth edition of Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience offers a concise introduction to behavioral neuroscience. The text incorporates the latest studies and research in the rapidly changing fields of neuroscience and physiological psychology. The theme of strategies of learning helps readers apply these research findings to daily life. Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience is an ideal choice for the instructor who wants a concise text with a good balance of human and animal studies.

Table of Contents:

Front Matter
Go Digital
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
New to This Edition
Strategies for Learning
Pedagogically Sound Art
Resources for Instructors
MyPsychLab (www.mypsychlab.com)
In Conclusion
Acknowledgments
To the Reader
CHAPTER 1 Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE René’s Inspiration
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach
FIGURE 1.1 Studying the Brain.
Split Brains
FIGURE 1.2 The Split-Brain Operation.
FIGURE 1.3 Smelling with a Split Brain.
SECTION SUMMARY: Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach
The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience
The Goals of Research
Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
FIGURE 1.4 Descartes’s Theory.
FIGURE 1.5 Johannes Müller (1801–1858).
FIGURE 1.6 Broca’s Area.
SECTION SUMMARY: The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience
Natural Selection and Evolution
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
FIGURE 1.7 Charles Darwin (1809–1882).
FIGURE 1.8 Bones of the Forelimb.
FIGURE 1.9 The Owl Butterfly.
Evolution of the Human Brain
FIGURE 1.10 DNA Among Species of Hominids.
FIGURE 1.11 Neoteny in Evolution of the Human Skull.
SECTION SUMMARY: Natural Selection and Evolution
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals
Careers in Neuroscience
SECTION SUMMARY: Ethical Issues in Research with Animals and Careers in Neuroscience
Strategies for Learning
EPILOGUE Models of Brain Functions
KEY CONCEPTS
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH
THE NATURE OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS
CAREERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Unresponsive Muscles
Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons
BASIC STRUCTURE
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
FIGURE 2.1 The Principal Parts of a Multipolar Neuron.
Terminal Buttons
FIGURE 2.2 Bipolar and Unipolar Neurons.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
FIGURE 2.3 Nerves.
FIGURE 2.4 An Overview of the Synaptic Connections Between Neurons.
FIGURE 2.5 The Principal Internal Structures of a Multipolar Neuron.
Supporting Cells
GLIA
FIGURE 2.6 Structure and Location of Astrocytes.
FIGURE 2.7 Oligodendrocyte.
FIGURE 2.8 Formation of Myelin.
SCHWANN CELLS
The Blood–Brain Barrier
FIGURE 2.9 The Blood–Brain Barrier.
SECTION SUMMARY: Cells of the Nervous System
Communication Within a Neuron
Neural Communication: An Overview
FIGURE 2.10 A Withdrawal Reflex.
FIGURE 2.11 The Role of inhibition.
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons
FIGURE 2.12 Measuring Electrical Charge.
FIGURE 2.13 Studying the Axon.
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
THE FORCE OF DIFFUSION
FIGURE 2.14 An Action Potential.
THE FORCE OF ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE
IONS IN THE EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FIGURE 2.15 Control of the Membrane Potential.
FIGURE 2.16 A Sodium–Potassium Transporter.
The Action Potential
FIGURE 2.17 Ion Channels.
FIGURE 2.18 Ion Movements During the Action Potential.
Conduction of the Action Potential
FIGURE 2.19 Conduction of the Action Potential.
FIGURE 2.20 The Rate Law.
FIGURE 2.21 Saltatory Conduction.
SECTION SUMMARY: Communication Within a Neuron
Communication Between Neurons
Structure of Synapses
FIGURE 2.22 Types of Synapses.
FIGURE 2.23 Details of a Synapse.
Release of Neurotransmitter
Activation of Receptors
FIGURE 2.24 Release of Neurotransmitter.
FIGURE 2.25 Ionotropic Receptors.
Postsynaptic Potentials
FIGURE 2.26 Metabotropic Receptors.
FIGURE 2.27 Ionic Movements During Postsynaptic Potentials.
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
FIGURE 2.28 Reuptake.
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
FIGURE 2.29 Neural Integration.
Autoreceptors
Axoaxonic Synapses
FIGURE 2.30 An Axoaxonic Synapse.
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
SECTION SUMMARY: Communication Between Neurons
EPILOGUE Myasthenia Gravis
KEY CONCEPTS
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION WITHIN A NEURON
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 3 Structure of the Nervous System
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE The Left Is Gone
Basic Features of the Nervous System
FIGURE 3.1 Views of Alligator and Human.
FIGURE 3.2 Brain Slices and Planes.
An Overview
TABLE 3.1 The Major Divisions of the Nervous System
FIGURE 3.3 The Nervous System.
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid
FIGURE 3.4 The Ventricular System of the Brain.
SECTION SUMMARY: Basic Features of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Development of the Central Nervous System
AN OVERVIEW OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
FIGURE 3.5 Brain Development.
TABLE 3.2 Anatomical Subdivisions of the Brain
FIGURE 3.6 Cortical Development.
FIGURE 3.7 Effects of Learning on Neurogenesis.
The Forebrain
TELENCEPHALON
Cerebral Cortex
FIGURE 3.8 Cross Section of the Human Brain.
FIGURE 3.9 The Primary Sensory Regions of the Brain.
FIGURE 3.10 The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex.
Limbic System
FIGURE 3.11 Bundles of Axons in the Corpus Callosum.
Basal Ganglia
FIGURE 3.12 A Midsagittal View of the Brain and Part of the Spinal Cord.
FIGURE 3.13 The Major Components of the Limbic System.
FIGURE 3.14 The Basal Ganglia and Diencephalon.
DIENCEPHALON
Thalamus.
Hypothalamus.
FIGURE 3.15 A Midsagittal View of Part of the Brain.
The Midbrain
TECTUM
FIGURE 3.16 The Pituitary Gland.
TEGMENTUM
FIGURE 3.17 The Cerebellum and Brain Stem.
The Hindbrain
METENCEPHALON
Cerebellum.
Pons.
MYELENCEPHALON
FIGURE 3.18 Ventral View of the Spinal Column.
The Spinal Cord
FIGURE 3.19 Ventral View of the Spinal Cord.
SECTION SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal Nerves
FIGURE 3.20 A Cross Section of the Spinal Cord.
Cranial Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS
FIGURE 3.21 The Cranial Nerves.
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS
FIGURE 3.22 The Autonomic Nervous System.
TABLE 3.3 The Major Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
SECTION SUMMARY: The Peripheral Nervous System
EPILOGUE Unilateral Neglect
FIGURE 3.23 Unilateral Neglect.
FIGURE 3.24 The Rubber Hand Illusion.
KEY CONCEPTS
BASIC FEATURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 4 Psychopharmacology
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE A Contaminated Drug
Principles of Psychopharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
FIGURE 4.1 Cocaine in Blood Plasma.
ENTRY OF DRUGS INTO THE BRAIN
INACTIVATION AND EXCRETION
Drug Effectiveness
FIGURE 4.2 A Dose-Response Curve.
FIGURE 4.3 Dose-Response Curves for Morphine.
Effects of Repeated Administration
Placebo Effects
SECTION SUMMARY: Principles of Psychopharmacology
Sites of Drug Action
FIGURE 4.4 Drug Effects on Synaptic Transmission.
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Receptors
FIGURE 4.5 Drug Actions as Binding Sites.
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
SECTION SUMMARY: Sites of Drug Action
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Acetylcholine
FIGURE 4.6 Biosynthesis of Acetylcholine
FIGURE 4.7 Destruction of Acetylcholine (ACh) by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
The Monoamines
DOPAMINE
TABLE 4.1 Classification of the Monoamine Transmitter Substances
FIGURE 4.8 Biosynthesis of the Catecholamines.
TABLE 4.2 The Three Major Dopaminergic Pathways
FIGURE 4.9 Role of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO).
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
FIGURE 4.10 Biosynthesis of Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT).
HISTAMINE
Amino Acids
GLUTAMATE
GABA
FIGURE 4.11 NMDA Receptor.
FIGURE 4.12 GABAA Receptor.
GLYCINE
Peptides
FIGURE 4.13 Cannabinoid Receptors in a Rat Brain.
Lipids
Nucleosides
Soluble Gases
SECTION SUMMARY: Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
TABLE 4.3 Drugs Mentioned in this Chapter
EPILOGUE Helpful Hints from a Tragedy
KEY CONCEPTS
PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
SITES OF DRUG ACTION
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Heart Repaired, Brain Damaged
Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
FIGURE 5.1 Radio Frequency Lesion.
FIGURE 5.2 Excitotoxic Lesion.
Stereotaxic Surgery
THE STEREOTAXIC ATLAS
FIGURE 5.3 Rat Brain and Skull.
THE STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS
FIGURE 5.4 Stereotaxic Atlas.
FIGURE 5.5 Stereotaxic Apparatus.
FIGURE 5.6 Stereotaxic Surgery on a Human Patient.
Histological Methods
FIXATION AND SECTIONING
FIGURE 5.7 A Microtome.
STAINING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
FIGURE 5.8 Cell-Body Stain.
Tracing Neural Connections
FIGURE 5.9 Electron Photomicrograph.
FIGURE 5.10 Tracing Neural Connections.
TRACING EFFERENT AXONS
FIGURE 5.11 Tracing Efferent Axons.
FIGURE 5.12 Anterograde Tracing Method.
TRACING AFFERENT AXONS
FIGURE 5.13 Retrograde Tracing Method.
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
FIGURE 5.14 Results of Tracing Methods.
FIGURE 5.15 Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanner.
FIGURE 5.16 CT Scans of a Lesion.
FIGURE 5.17 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
FIGURE 5.18 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI).
SECTION SUMMARY: Experimental Ablation
TABLE 5.1 Research Methods: Part I
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording Neural Activity
FIGURE 5.19 Implantation of Electrodes.
RECORDINGS WITH MICROELECTRODES
RECORDINGS WITH MACROELECTRODES
FIGURE 5.20 A Record from a Polygraph.
FIGURE 5.21 Magnetoencephalography.
MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
FIGURE 5.22 2-DG Autoradiography.
FIGURE 5.23 Localization of Fos Protein.
FIGURE 5.24 PET ScanS.
Stimulating Neural Activity
ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL STIMULATION
FIGURE 5.25 Functional MRI Scans.
FIGURE 5.26 Intracranial Cannula.
FIGURE 5.27 Photostimulation.
OPTOGENETIC METHODS
FIGURE 5.28 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
SECTION SUMMARY: Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
TABLE 5.2 Research Methods: Part II
Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
FIGURE 5.29 Localization of a Peptide.
FIGURE 5.30 Localization of an Enzyme.
Localizing Particular Receptors
FIGURE 5.31 Autoradiogram.
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
FIGURE 5.32 Microdialysis.
FIGURE 5.33 PET Scans of Patient with Parkinsonian Symptoms.
SECTION SUMMARY: Neurochemical Methods
TABLE 5.3 Research Methods: Part III
Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genomic Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
TABLE 5.4 Research Methods: Part IV
SECTION SUMMARY: Genetic Methods
EPILOGUE Watch the Brain Waves
KEY CONCEPTS
EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION
RECORDING AND STIMULATING NEURAL ACTIVITY
NEUROCHEMICAL METHODS
GENETIC METHODS
CHAPTER 6 Vision
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Seeing Without Perceiving
The Stimulus
FIGURE 6.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
FIGURE 6.2 Saturation and Brightness.
Anatomy of the Visual System
The Eyes
FIGURE 6.3 The Human Eye.
TABLE 6.1 Locations and Response Characteristics of Photoreceptors
Photoreceptors
FIGURE 6.4 A Test For the Blind Spot.
FIGURE 6.5 Details of Retinal Circuitry.
Connections Between Eye and Brain
FIGURE 6.6 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN).
FIGURE 6.7 The Primary Visual Pathway.
SECTION SUMMARY: The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Visual System
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina
Coding of Light and Dark
FIGURE 6.8 Foveal Versus Peripheral Acuity.
FIGURE 6.9 ON and OFF Ganglion Cells.
Coding of Color
PHOTORECEPTORS: TRICHROMATIC CODING
FIGURE 6.10 Absorbance of Light by Rods and Cones.
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS: OPPONENT-PROCESS CODING
FIGURE 6.11 Receptive Fields of Color-Sensitive Ganglion Cells.
SECTION SUMMARY: Coding of Visual Information in the Retina
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex
FIGURE 6.12 The Six Layers of the Striate Cortex.
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex
FIGURE 6.13 Orientation Sensitivity.
Orientation and Movement
Spatial Frequency
FIGURE 6.14 Types of Orientation-Sensitive Neurons.
FIGURE 6.15 Parallel Gratings.
Retinal Disparity
FIGURE 6.16 Visual Angle and Spatial Frequency.
Color
FIGURE 6.17 Blobs and Stripes in Visual Cortex.
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex
FIGURE 6.18 One Module of the Primary Visual Cortex.
FIGURE 6.19 Organization of Responses to Spatial Frequency.
SECTION SUMMARY: Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex
Two Streams of Visual Analysis
FIGURE 6.20 Effect of Perceived Distance on Perceived Size.
FIGURE 6.21 Striate Cortex and Regions of Extrastriate Cortex.
FIGURE 6.22 The Human Visual System.
Perception of Color
STUDIES WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS
TABLE 6.2 Properties of the Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular Divisions of the Visual System
STUDIES WITH HUMANS
FIGURE 6.23 Natural and Unnatural Colors.
Perception of Form
STUDIES WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS
STUDIES WITH HUMANS
Visual Agnosia
Analysis of Specific Categories of Visual Stimuli
FIGURE 6.24 Responses to Categories of Visual Stimuli.
FIGURE 6.25 Perception of Faces and Bodies.
Perception of Movement
FIGURE 6.26 Composite Faces.
STUDIES WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS
STUDIES WITH HUMANS
Perception of Motion
FIGURE 6.27 Location of Visual Area V5.
Optic Flow
Form from Motion
Perception of Spatial Location
FIGURE 6.28 The Posterior Parietal Cortex.
FIGURE 6.29 Components of the Ventral and Dorsal Streams of the Visual Cortex.
SECTION SUMMARY: Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex
TABLE 6.3 Regions of the Human Visual Cortex and Their Functions
EPILOGUE Case Studies
KEY CONCEPTS
THE STIMULUS
ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
CODING OF VISUAL INFORMATION IN THE RETINA
ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE STRIATE CORTEX
ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE All in Her Head?
Audition
FIGURE 7.1 Sound Waves.
FIGURE 7.2 Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound Waves.
The Stimulus
Anatomy of the Ear
FIGURE 7.3 The Auditory Apparatus.
FIGURE 7.4 The Cochlea.
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
FIGURE 7.5 Responses to Sound Waves.
The Auditory Pathway
CONNECTIONS WITH THE COCHLEAR NERVE
FIGURE 7.6 Transduction Apparatus in Hair Cells.
THE CENTRAL AUDITORY SYSTEM
FIGURE 7.7 Pathways of the Auditory System.
Perception of Pitch
PLACE CODING
FIGURE 7.8 The Auditory Cortex.
FIGURE 7.9 Anatomical Coding of Pitch.
RATE CODING
Perception of Timbre
FIGURE 7.10 A Child with a Cochlear implant.
FIGURE 7.11 Tuning Curves.
perception of Spatial Location
FIGURE 7.12 Sound Wave from a Clarinet.
FIGURE 7.13 Sound localization.
Perception of Complex Sounds
FIGURE 7.14 Changes in Timbre of Sounds with Changes in elevation.
PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS AND THEIR LOCATION
PERCEPTION OF MUSIC
FIGURE 7.15 “Where” Versus “What”.
SECTION SUMMARY: Audition
Vestibular System
Anatomy of The Vestibular Apparatus
FIGURE 7.16 The receptive Organ of the Semicircular Canals.
FIGURE 7.17 The receptive Tissue of the Vestibular Sacs: The utricle and the Saccule.
The Vestibular Pathway
SECTION SUMMARY: Vestibular System
Somatosenses
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
FIGURE 7.18 Cutaneous receptors.
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation
TOUCH
TABLE 7.1 Categories of Cutaneous Receptors
TEMPERATURE
TABLE 7.2 Categories of Mammalian Thermal Receptors
PAIN
FIGURE 7.19 Activity of TrP Channels.
The Somatosensory Pathways
FIGURE 7.20 The Somatosensory Pathways.
Perception of Pain
FIGURE 7.21 The Three Components of Pain.
FIGURE 7.22 Sensory and emotional Components of Pain.
SECTION SUMMARY: Somatosenses
Gustation
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
FIGURE 7.23 The Tongue.
Perception of Gustatory Information
FIGURE 7.24 Neural Pathways of the Gustatory System.
The Gustatory Pathway
FIGURE 7.25 Activation in the Primary Gustatory Cortex.
SECTION SUMMARY: Gustation
Olfaction
FIGURE 7.26 Scent-Tracking Behavior.
The Stimulus
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
FIGURE 7.27 The Olfactory System.
Transduction of Olfactory Information
Perception of Specific Odors
FIGURE 7.28 Connections of Olfactory Receptor Cells with Glomeruli.
FIGURE 7.29 Coding of Olfactory Information.
FIGURE 7.30 Minty Smelling Molecules.
SECTION SUMMARY: Olfaction
EPILOGUE Natural Analgesia
FIGURE 7.31 Effects of a Placebo on μ-Opioid Neurotransmission.
KEY CONCEPTS
AUDITION
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
SOMATOSENSES
GUSTATION
OLFACTION
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 8 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Waking Nightmares
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep
FIGURE 8.1 A Subject Prepared for a Night’s Sleep in a Sleep Laboratory.
FIGURE 8.2 EEG Recording of the Stages of Sleep.
FIGURE 8.3 EEG and Single-Cell Activity.
FIGURE 8.4 Sleep Stages During a Single Night.
TABLE 8.1 Principal Characteristics of REM and Slow-Wave Sleep
SECTION SUMMARY: A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep
Disorders of Sleep
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
FIGURE 8.5 A Dog Undergoing a Cataplectic Attack.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
SECTION SUMMARY: Disorders of Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
FIGURE 8.6 Sleep in a Dolphin.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SLOW-WAVE SLEEP
Functions of REM Sleep
Sleep and Learning
FIGURE 8.7 REM Sleep and Learning.
FIGURE 8.8 Slow-Wave Sleep and Learning.
SECTION SUMMARY: Why Do We Sleep?
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
Chemical Control of Sleep
Neural Control of Arousal
ACETYLCHOLINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
FIGURE 8.9 Release of Acetylcholine and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.
FIGURE 8.10 Norepinephrine and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.
HISTAMINE
OREXIN
FIGURE 8.11 Serotonin and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.
FIGURE 8.12 Orexin and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep
FIGURE 8.13 The Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop.
FIGURE 8.14 Role of Orexinergic Neurons in Sleep.
Neural Control of REM Sleep
THE REM FLIP-FLOP
FIGURE 8.15 Adenosine, Time of Day, and Hunger.
FIGURE 8.16 Firing Pattern of a REM-ON Cell.
FIGURE 8.17 The REM Sleep Flip-Flop.
FIGURE 8.18 REM Sleep.
FIGURE 8.19 Humor and Narcolepsy.
FIGURE 8.20 Control of REM Sleep.
SECTION SUMMARY: Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
Biological Clocks
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
FIGURE 8.21 Circadian Rhythms of Wheel-Running Activity of a Rat.
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
FIGURE 8.22 The SCN.
ANATOMY AND CONNECTIONS
FIGURE 8.23 Melanopsin-Containing Ganglion Cells in the Retina.
FIGURE 8.24 Control of Circadian Rhythms.
THE NATURE OF THE CLOCK
FIGURE 8.25 Circadian Activity Rhythms in the SCN.
FIGURE 8.26 Control of Circadian Rhythms in the SCN.
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
SECTION SUMMARY: Biological Clocks
EPILOGUE Functions of Dreams
KEY CONCEPTS
A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION OF SLEEP
DISORDERS OF SLEEP
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP AND WAKING
BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 9 Reproductive Behavior
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE From Boy to Girl
Sexual Development
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
Development of the Sex Organs
GONADS
INTERNAL SEX ORGANS
FIGURE 9.1 Determination of Gender.
FIGURE 9.2 Development of the Internal Sex organs.
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Sexual Maturation
FIGURE 9.3 Development of the External Genitalia.
FIGURE 9.4 Hormonal Control of Development of the Internal Sex organs.
FIGURE 9.5 Sexual Maturation.
TABLE 9.1 Classification of Sex Steroid Hormones
SECTION SUMMARY: Sexual Development
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
FIGURE 9.6 Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle.
MALES
FEMALES
Organizational Effects of androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of Pheromones
FIGURE 9.7 Organizational Effects of Testosterone.
FIGURE 9.8 The Rodent Accessory Olfactory System.
Human Sexual Behavior
ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES IN WOMEN
ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES IN MEN
FIGURE 9.9 Sexual activity of Heterosexual Couples.
Sexual Orientation
PRENATAL ANDROGENIZATION OF GENETIC FEMALES
FAILURE OF ANDROGENIZATION OF GENETIC MALES
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND THE BRAIN
FIGURE 9.10 Sex-Typical Toy Choices.
HEREDITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SECTION SUMMARY: Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Males
FIGURE 9.11 Preoptic area of the Rat Brain.
FIGURE 9.12 Male Sexual Behavior.
Females
FIGURE 9.13 Female Sexual Behavior.
Formation of Pair Bonds
SECTION SUMMARY: Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Parental Behavior
Maternal Behavior of Rodents
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
FIGURE 9.14 Hormones in Pregnant rats.
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
SECTION SUMMARY: Parental Behavior
EPILOGUE From Boy to Girl and Back Again
KEY CONCEPTS
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
NEURAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 10 Emotion
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Intellect and Emotion
Emotions as Response Patterns
Fear
RESEARCH WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS
FIGURE 10.1 The Amygdala.
FIGURE 10.2 Amygdala Connections.
FIGURE 10.3 Conditioned Emotional Responses.
RESEARCH WITH HUMANS
FIGURE 10.4 Control of Extinction.
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control
RESEARCH WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS
Neural Control of Aggressive Behavior
Role of Serotonin
FIGURE 10.5 Serotonin and Risk-Taking Behavior.
RESEARCH WITH HUMANS
Role of Heredity
Role of Serotonin
Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
FIGURE 10.6 The Location of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex.
FIGURE 10.7 Phineas Gage’s Accident.
FIGURE 10.8 Moral Decisions and the vmPFC.
TABLE 10.1 Examples of Scenarios Involving Nonmoral, Impersonal Moral, and Personal Moral Judgments from the Study by Koenigs et al. (2007)
SECTION SUMMARY: Emotions as Response Patterns
Communication of Emotions
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
FIGURE 10.9 Facial Expressions in a New Guinea Tribesman.
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
FIGURE 10.10 Identification of Nonverbal Vocal Expressions of Emotions in a Different Culture.
LATERALITY OF EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION
FIGURE 10.11 Perception of Emotions.
ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA
ROLE OF IMITATION IN RECOGNITION OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS: THE MIRROR NEURON SYSTEM
FIGURE 10.12 Brain Damage and Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion.
FIGURE 10.13 An Artificial Smile.
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
FIGURE 10.14 Emotional and Volitional Paresis.
FIGURE 10.15 Chimerical Faces.
SECTION SUMMARY: Communication of Emotions
Feelings of Emotions
The James-Lange Theory
FIGURE 10.16 The James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Feedback from Emotional Expressions
FIGURE 10.17 Imitation in an Infant.
SECTION SUMMARY: Feelings of Emotions
EPILOGUE Mr. V. Revisited
KEY CONCEPTS
EMOTIONS AS RESPONSE PATTERNS
COMMUNICATION OF EMOTIONS
FEELINGS OF EMOTION
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 11 Ingestive Behavior
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Out of Control
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
FIGURE 11.1 An Example of a Regulatory System.
Drinking
Some Facts About Fluid Balance
FIGURE 11.2 An Outline of the System that Controls Drinking.
FIGURE 11.3 The Relative Size of the Body’s Fluid Compartments.
Two Types of Thirst
FIGURE 11.4 Solute Concentration.
FIGURE 11.5 An Osmoreceptor.
OSMOMETRIC THIRST
FIGURE 11.6 Action of an Osmoreceptor.
VOLUMETRIC THIRST
FIGURE 11.7 Osmometric Thirst in Humans.
The Role of Angiotensin
FIGURE 11.8 Detection of Hypovolemia by the Kidney and the Renin-Angiotensin System.
FIGURE 11.9 The Subfornical Organ.
SECTION SUMMARY: Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms and Drinking
Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism
FIGURE 11.10 Effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Glucose and Glycogen.
FIGURE 11.11 Metabolic Pathways During the Fasting Phase and Absorptive Phase of Metabolism.
SECTION SUMMARY: Eating Some Facts About Metabolism
What Starts a Meal?
Signals from the Environment
Signals from the Stomach
FIGURE 11.12 Levels of Ghrelin in Human Blood Plasma.
Metabolic Signals
FIGURE 11.13 The Hepatic Portal Blood Supply.
FIGURE 11.14 Nutrient Receptors.
SECTION SUMMARY: What Starts a Meal?
What Stops a Meal?
Gastric Factors
Intestinal Factors
FIGURE 11.15 Effects of PYY on Hunger.
Liver Factors
Insulin
Long-term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
FIGURE 11.16 Effects of Force Feeding.
FIGURE 11.17 Effects of Leptin on Obesity in Mice.
SECTION SUMMARY: What Stops a Meal?
Brain Mechanisms
Brain Stem
FIGURE 11.18 Decerebration.
Hypothalamus
ROLE IN HUNGER
FIGURE 11.19 Feeding Circuits in the Brain.
FIGURE 11.20 Action of Hunger Signals on Feeding Circuits in the Brain.
ROLE IN SATIETY
FIGURE 11.21 Action of Satiety Signals on Hypothalamic Neurons involved in Control of hunger and Satiety.
SECTION SUMMARY: Brain Mechanisms
Obesity
Possible Causes
FIGURE 11.22 Prevalence of Obesity in the United States.
FIGURE 11.23 Hereditary Leptin Deficiency.
Treatment
FIGURE 11.24 Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Surgery.
FIGURE 11.25 Effect of RYGB Surgery in Rats.
SECTION SUMMARY: Obesity
TABlE 11.1 Neuropeptides and Peripheral Peptides involved in Control of Food intake and Metabolism
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa
Possible Causes
FIGURE 11.26 Activity, Food Restriction, and Weight Loss.
Treatment
FIGURE 11.27 Reactions of Young Men and Women to Fasting.
SECTION SUMMARY: Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa
EPILOGUE An Insatiable Appetite
KEY CONCEPTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS
DRINKING
EATING: SOME FACTS ABOUT METABOLISM
WHAT STARTS A MEAL?
WHAT STOPS A MEAL?
BRAIN MECHANISMS
OBESITY
ANOREXIA NERVOSA/BULIMIA NERVOSA
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 12 Learning and Memory
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Every Day Is Alone
The Nature of Learning
FIGURE 12.1 A Simple Neural Model of Classical Conditioning.
FIGURE 12.2 A Simple Neural Model of Instrumental Conditioning.
FIGURE 12.3 An Overview of Perceptual, Stimulus–Response (S-R), and Motor Learning.
SECTION SUMMARY: The Nature of Learning
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
FIGURE 12.4 The Hippocampal Formation and Long-Term Potentiation.
FIGURE 12.5 Long-Term Potentiation.
Role of NMDA Receptors
FIGURE 12.6 Associative Long-Term Potentiation.
FIGURE 12.7 Long-Term Potentiation.
FIGURE 12.8 The NMDA Receptor.
FIGURE 12.9 Associative Long-Term Potentiation.
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
FIGURE 12.10 Role of AMPA Receptors in Long-Term Potentiation.
FIGURE 12.11 Dendritic Spines in Field CA1.
FIGURE 12.12 Growth of Dendritic Spines After Long-Term Potentiation.
FIGURE 12.13 Role of PKM-Zeta in Long-Lasting Long-Term Potentiation.
Long-Term Depression
SECTION SUMMARY: Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-term Depression
Perceptual Learning
FIGURE 12.14 The Major Divisions of the Visual Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey.
FIGURE 12.15 Evidence of Retrieval of Visual Memories of Movement.
SECTION SUMMARY: Perceptual Learning
Classical Conditioning
FIGURE 12.16 Conditioned Emotional Responses.
SECTION SUMMARY: Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
Role of the Basal Ganglia
FIGURE 12.17 The Basal Ganglia and Their Connections.
Reinforcement
NEURAL CIRCUITS INVOLVED IN REINFORCEMENT
FIGURE 12.18 The Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens.
FUNCTIONS OF THE REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM
FIGURE 12.19 Dopamine and Reinforcement.
SECTION SUMMARY: Instrumental Conditioning
Relational Learning
Human Anterograde Amnesia
FIGURE 12.20 A Schematic Definition of Retrograde Amnesia and Anterograde Amnesia.
FIGURE 12.21 A Simple Model of the Learning Process.
Spared Learning Abilities
FIGURE 12.22 Examples of Broken Drawings.
FIGURE 12.23 The Serial Reaction Time Task.
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
TABLE 12.1 Examples of Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Tasks
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories
FIGURE 12.24 Cortical Connections of the Hippocampal Formation.
FIGURE 12.25 The Role of the Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex in Long-Term Memory Storage.
Episodic and Semantic Memories
Spatial Memory
FIGURE 12.26 Spatial and Response Strategies.
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
SPATIAL PERCEPTION AND LEARNING
FIGURE 12.27 The Morris Water Maze.
PLACE CELLS IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION
FIGURE 12.28 Activity of a Hippocampal Place Cell.
FIGURE 12.29 Activity of a Hippocampal Grid Cell.
ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION IN MEMORY CONSOLIDATION
FIGURE 12.30 Activity of a Hippocampal Border Cell.
FIGURE 12.31 Hippocampal Place Cells Encode More than Spatial Information.
RECONSOLIDATION OF MEMORIES
ROLE OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS IN CONSOLIDATION
FIGURE 12.32 A Schematic Description of the Experiment by Maviel et al. (2004).
FIGURE 12.33 A Schematic Description of the Experiment by Debiec et al. (2002).
FIGURE 12.34 Adult Neurogenesis.
SECTION SUMMARY: Relational Learning
EPILOGUE What Causes Confabulation?
KEY CONCEPTS
THE NATURE OF LEARNING
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY: LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND LONG-TERM DEPRESSION
PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
RELATIONAL LEARNING
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
Chapter 13 Human Communication
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Can’t Hear Words
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Lateralization
Speech Production
FIGURE 13.1 Assessment of Aphasia.
FIGURE 13.2 Speech Areas.
Speech comprehension
FIGURE 13.3 Assessment of Grammatical Ability.
WERNICKE’S APHASIA: DESCRIPTION
WERNICKE’S APHASIA: ANALYSIS
Recognition: Pure Word Deafness
FIGURE 13.4 Pure Word Deafness.
FIGURE 13.5 Speech Comprehension.
Comprehension: Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
FIGURE 13.6 Mirror neurons and Speech.
FIGURE 13.7 Transcortical Sensory Aphasia and Wernicke’s Aphasia.
What Is Meaning?
FIGURE 13.8 The “Dictionary” in the Brain.
Repetition: Conduction Aphasia
FIGURE 13.9 Evaluating Metaphors.
FIGURE 13.10 Conduction Aphasia.
MEMORY OF WORDS: ANOMIC APHASIA
FIGURE 13.11 A hypothetical explanation of Conduction Aphasia.
FIGURE 13.12 Components of the Arcuate fasciculus.
FIGURE 13.13 Verbs and Movements.
Aphasia in Deaf people
FIGURE 13.14 Mirror neurons in Broca’s Area.
FIGURE 13.15 Links Between hand and Mouth.
Prosody: Rhythm, tone, and Emphasis in Speech
FIGURE 13.16 Brain Activation During a Rhyming task.
FIGURE 13.17 Listening to normal Speech or its Prosodic Components.
Recognition of People’s Voices
Stuttering
FIGURE 13.18 Effects of therapy for Stuttering.
SECTION SUMMARY: Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
TABLE 13.1 Aphasic Syndromes Produced by Brain Damage
Disorders of Reading and Writing
Pure Alexia
FIGURE 13.19 Pure Alexia.
Toward an Understanding of Reading
FIGURE 13.20 Pure Alexia.
FIGURE 13.21 Pure Alexia in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis.
FIGURE 13.22 Model of the Reading Process.
FIGURE 13.23 Surface Dyslexia.
FIGURE 13.24 Phonological Dyslexia.
FIGURE 13.25 Phonological and Whole-Word Reading.
FIGURE 13.26 Subtle Differences in Written Words.
FIGURE 13.27 Stimuli Used in a test of Word Recognition.
FIGURE 13.28 Word Recognition in the VWFA.
FIGURE 13.29 Effects of VWFA lesion.
FIGURE 13.30 Object and Word Recognition after Vertices have Been eliminated.
FIGURE 13.31 object and Word Recognition after Midsegments of lines have Been eliminated.
Developmental Dyslexias
Toward an Understanding of Writing
FIGURE 13.32 Writing and the Ventral Premotor Cortex.
FIGURE 13.33 Phonological Dysgraphia and orthographic Dysgraphia.
SECTION SUMMARY: Disorders of Reading and Writing
TABLE 13.2 Reading and Writing Disorder Produced by Brain Damage
EPILOGUE Speech Sounds and the Left Hemisphere
KEY CONCEPTS
SPEECH PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION: BRAIN MECHANISMS
DISORDERS OF READING AND WRITING
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 14 Neurological Disorders
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE It Started with Her Foot
Tumors
TABLE 14.1 Types of Brain Tumors
FIGURE 14.1 Meningioma.
Seizure Disorders
TABLE 14.2 The Classification of Seizure Disorders
FIGURE 14.2 Primary Motor Cortex and Seizures.
Cerebrovascular Accidents
FIGURE 14.3 Strokes.
FIGURE 14.4 Desmoteplase in Treatment of Strokes.
FIGURE 14.5 Atherosclerotic Plaque.
FIGURE 14.6 Effects of Carotid Stents.
FIGURE 14.7 Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy.
Traumatic Brain Injury
SECTION SUMMARY: Tumors, Seizure Disorders, Cerebrovascular accidents, and traumatic Brain Injury
Disorders of Development
Toxic Chemicals
FIGURE 14.8 Facial Malformations in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Down Syndrome
SECTION SUMMARY: Disorders of Development
Degenerative Disorders
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
FIGURE 14.9 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
FIGURE 14.10 Experimental Treatment of a Prion Protein Infection.
Parkinson’s Disease
FIGURE 14.11 Lewy Bodies.
FIGURE 14.12 The Role of Parkin in Parkinson’s Disease.
FIGURE 14.13 Connections of the Basal Ganglia.
Huntington’s Disease
FIGURE 14.14 Gene Therapy of Parkinson’s Disease.
Alzheimer’s Disease
FIGURE 14.15 Microscopic Features of Alzheimer’s Disease.
FIGURE 14.16 β-Amyloid Protein.
FIGURE 14.17 Detection of β-Amyloid Protein.
FIGURE 14.18 Immunization Against Aβ.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
SECTION SUMMARY: Degenerative Disorders
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
SECTION SUMMARY: Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
EPILOGUE Seizure Surgery
KEY CONCEPTS
TUMORS
SEIZURE DISORDERS
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS
DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT
DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASES
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 15 Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE Anxiety Surgery
Schizophrenia
Description
Heritability
TABLE 15.1 Positive, Cognitive, and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
pharmacology of Schizophrenia: the Dopamine Hypothesis
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder
EVIDENCE FOR BRAIN ABNORMALITIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF BRAIN ABNORMALITIES
FIGURE 15.1 Relative ventricular Size in Chronic Schizophrenics and Controls.
Epidemiological Studies
FIGURE 15.2 The Seasonality effect.
Evidence for Abnormal Brain Development
FIGURE 15.3 Monozygotic Twins.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS: ROLE OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
FIGURE 15.4 Age at first Sign of Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenic Patients.
FIGURE 15.5 hypofrontality in Schizophrenia.
FIGURE 15.6 Role of DiSC1 in the Development of Schizophrenia.
FIGURE 15.7 Effects of a Partial Agonist.
SECTION SUMMARY: Schizophrenia
Major Affective Disorders
Description
Heritability
FIGURE 15.8 Suicide and Season of birth.
Season of Birth
Biological treatments
FIGURE 15.9 A Patient being Prepared for electroconvulsive Therapy.
The Monoamine Hypothesis
Role of the Frontal Cortex
FIGURE 15.10 Decreased Activation of the Subgenual ACC After a variety of Successful Treatments for Depression.
Role of Neurogenesis
FIGURE 15.11 Exercise and Neurogenesis.
Role of Circadian Rhythms
REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION
FIGURE 15.12 Sleep and Depression.
SLOW-WAVE SLEEP DEPRIVATION
TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION
ROLE OF ZEITGEBERS
FIGURE 15.13 Slow-wave Sleep Deprivation.
FIGURE 15.14 Antidepressant effects of Total Sleep Deprivation.
SECTION SUMMARY: Major affective Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
FIGURE 15.15 Prevalence of Panic Disorder.
Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder
DESCRIPTION
POSSIBLE CAUSES
TREATMENT
FIGURE 15.16 Fluvoxamine and Panic Disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
DESCRIPTION
POSSIBLE CAUSES
TREATMENT
SECTION SUMMARY: Anxiety Disorders
EPILOGUE Prefrontal Lobotomy
KEY CONCEPTS
SCHIZOPHRENIA
MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
CHAPTER 16 Autistic, Attention-Deficit, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PROLOGUE A Sudden Craving
Autistic Disorder
Description
Possible Causes
HERITABILITY
BRAIN PATHOLOGY
FIGURE 16.1 Inferring Intentions.
FIGURE 16.2 Fusiform Face Area and Autism.
SECTION SUMMARY: Autistic Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Description
Possible Causes
FIGURE 16.3 An Inverted U Curve.
SECTION SUMMARY: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Stress Disorders
Physiology of the Stress Response
FIGURE 16.4 Control of Secretion of Stress Hormones.
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
FIGURE 16.5 Stress and Healing of Wounds.
Effects of Stress on the Brain
FIGURE 16.6 Prenatal Stress and the Amygdala.
FIGURE 16.7 Brain Damage Caused by Stress.
FIGURE 16.8 Early Stress and the Prefrontal Cortex.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
FIGURE 16.9 Prevalence of PTSD and Traumatic Events.
Stress and Infectious Diseases
FIGURE 16.10 Role of Desirable and Undesirable Events on Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infections.
SECTION SUMMARY: Stress Disorders
Substance Abuse Disorders
What Is addiction?
A LITTLE BACKGROUND
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Role in Drug Abuse
TABLE 16.1 Addictive Drugs
Neural Mechanisms
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
CRAVING AND RELAPSE
FIGURE 16.11 The Reinstatement Procedure, a Measure of Craving.
FIGURE 16.12 Cocaine Intake and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.
Commonly abused Drugs
FIGURE 16.13 Smoking and Schizophrenia.
OPIATES
STIMULANT DRUGS: COCAINE AND AMPHETAMINE
FIGURE 16.14 Dopamine Transporters, Methamphetamine Abuse, and Parkinson’s Disease.
NICOTINE
FIGURE 16.15 Nicotine and Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens.
ALCOHOL
FIGURE 16.16 Damage to the Insula and Smoking Cessation.
FIGURE 16.17 Effect of Inactivation of the Insula on Reinstatement of Drug-Seeking Behavior in Rats.
CANNABIS
FIGURE 16.18 Effects of Ro15–4513, an Alcohol Antagonist.
FIGURE 16.19 Craving for Alcohol and μ Opiate Receptors.
FIGURE 16.20 THC and Dopamine Secretion in the Nucleus Accumbens.
Heredity and Drug Abuse
FIGURE 16.21 Heritability (h2) of Addiction to Specific Addictive Agents.
Therapy for Drug Abuse
FIGURE 16.22 Varenicline as a Treatment for Smoking.
FIGURE 16.23 Naltrexone as a Treatment for Alcoholism.
SECTION SUMMARY: Substance Abuse Disorders
EPILOGUE Classically Conditioned Craving
KEY CONCEPTS
AUTISTIC DISORDER
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
STRESS DISORDERS
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
EXPLORE the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab
Back Matter
REFERENCES
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX

What makes us different?

• Instant Download

• Always Competitive Pricing

• 100% Privacy

• FREE Sample Available

• 24-7 LIVE Customer Support