Social Psychology 10th Edition by Elliot Aronson, ISBN-13: 978-0134641287
[PDF eBook eTextbook]
- Publisher: Pearson; 10th edition (February 15, 2018)
- Language: English
- 656 pages
- ISBN-10: 0134641280
- ISBN-13: 978-0134641287
For courses in Social Psychology.
Make research relevant through a storytelling approach.
Social Psychology introduces the key concepts of the field through an acclaimed storytelling approach that makes research relevant to students. Drawing upon their extensive experience as researchers and teachers, authors Elliot Aronson, Tim Wilson, and Sam Sommers present the classic studies that have driven the discipline alongside the cutting-edge research that is the future of social psychology. In addition to updated research references, the 10th Edition offers engaging new student-focused features that help students understand how what they’re studying is applicable to their own lives.
Table of Contents:
Social Psychology
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
What’s New in This Edition?
Reviewers of the Tenth Edition
Reviewers of Past Editions
About the Authors
Tim Wilson
Sam Sommers
Special Tips for Students
Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Defining Social Psychology
Social Psychology, Philosophy, Science, and Common Sense
How Social Psychology Differs From Its Closest Cousins
The Power of the Situation
Underestimating the Power of the Situation
The Importance of Construal
Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives
The Self-Esteem Motive: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves
Suffering and Self-Justification
The Social Cognition Motive: The Need to Be Accurate
Why Study Social Psychology?
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 2 Methodology How Social Psychologists Do Research
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Social Psychology: An Empirical Science
Formulating Hypotheses and Theories
Inspiration from Previous Theories and Research
Hypotheses Based on Personal Observations
Research Designs
The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior
Ethnography
Archival Analysis
Limits of the Observational Method
The Correlational Method: Predicting Social Behavior
Surveys
Limits of the Correlational Method: Correlation does not Equal Causation
The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions
Independent and Dependent Variables
Internal Validity in Experiments
External Validity in Experiments
Field Experiments
Replications and Meta-Analysis
Basic Versus Applied Research
New Frontiers in Social Psychological Research
Culture and Social Psychology
Social Neuroscience
Ethical Issues in Social Psychology
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 3 Social Cognition How We Think About the Social World
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking
People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking With Schemas
Which Schemas Do We Use? Accessibility and Priming
Making Our Schemas Come True: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Types of Automatic Thinking
Automatic Goal Pursuit
Automatic Thinking and Metaphors About the Body and the Mind
Mental Strategies and Shortcuts: Judgmental Heuristics
How Easily Does it Come to Mind? The Availability Heuristic
How Similar is A to B? The Representativeness Heuristic
Personality Tests and The Representativeness Heuristic
Cultural Differences in Social Cognition
Cultural Determinants of Schemas
Holistic Versus Analytic Thinking
Controlled Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking
Controlled Thinking and Free Will
Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual Reasoning
Improving Human Thinking
Watson Revisited
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 4 Social Perception How We Come to Understand Other People
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Nonverbal Communication
Facial Expressions of Emotion
Evolution and Facial Expressions
Why is Decoding Sometimes Difficult?
Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication
First Impressions: Quick But Long-Lasting
The Lingering Influence of Initial Impressions
Causal Attribution: Answering the “Why” Question
The Nature of the Attribution Process
The Covariation Model: Internal Versus External Attributions
The Fundamental Attribution Error: People as Personality Psychologists
The Role of Perceptual Salience in the Fundamental Attribution Error
The Two-Step Attribution Process
Self-Serving Attributions
The “Bias Blind Spot”
Culture and Social Perception
Holistic Versus Analytic Thinking
Social Neuroscience Evidence
Cultural Differences in the Fundamental Attribution Error
Culture and Other Attributional Biases
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 5 The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
The Origins and Nature of the Self-Concept
Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept
Functions of the Self
Self-Knowledge
Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection
Focusing on the Self: Self-Awareness Theory
Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More Than We Can Know
Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behavior
Self-Perception Theory
Understanding Our Emotions: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Finding the Wrong Cause: Misattribution of Arousal
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
MINDSETS and Motivation
Using Other People to Know Ourselves
Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others
Knowing Ourselves by Adopting Other People’s Views
Self-Control: The Executive Function of the Self
Impression Management: All the World’s a Stage
Ingratiation and Self-Handicapping
Culture, Impression Management, and Self-Enhancement
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 6 Cognitive Dissonance and the Need to Protect Our Self-Esteem
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: Protecting Our Self-Esteem
Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
Distorting Our Likes and Dislikes
The Permanence of the Decision
Creating the Illusion of Irrevocability
The Justification of Effort
Counterattitudinal Behavior
Counterattitudinal Behavior Toward Consequential Issues
The Ben Franklin Effect: Justifying Acts of Kindness
Dehumanizing The Enemy: Justifying Cruelty
Justifying Our Own Immoral Acts
Avoiding Temptations
The Hypocrisy Paradigm
Dissonance Across Cultures
Advances and Extensions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Self-Affirmation Theory
Dissonance in Close Relationships: Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
Some Concluding Thoughts on Dissonance and Self-Esteem
Overcoming Dissonance
Narcissism and the Dangers of Too Much Self-Esteem
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 7 Attitudes and Attitude Change Influencing Thoughts and Feelings
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
The Nature and Origin of Attitudes
Where Do Attitudes Come From?
Cognitively Based Attitudes
Affectively Based Attitudes
Behaviorally Based Attitudes
Explicit Versus Implicit Attitudes
When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors
Predicting Deliberative Behaviors
Specific Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Perceived Behavioral Control
How Do Attitudes Change?
Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited
Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change
The Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
The Motivation to Pay Attention to the Arguments
The Ability to Pay Attention to the Arguments
How to Achieve Long-Lasting Attitude Change
Emotion and Attitude Change
Fear-Arousing Communications
Emotions as a Heuristic
Emotion and Different Types of Attitudes
Attitude Change and the Body
The Power of Advertising
How Advertising Works
Subliminal Advertising: A Form of Mind Control?
Debunking the Claims about Subliminal Advertising
Laboratory Evidence for Subliminal Influence
Advertising and Culture
Resisting Persuasive Messages
Attitude Inoculation
Being Alert to Product Placement
Resisting Peer Pressure
When Persuasion Attempts Backfire: Reactance Theory
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 8 Conformity and Obedience Influencing Behavior
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Conformity: When and Why
Informational Social Influence: The Need to Know What’s “Right”
The Importance of Being Accurate
When Informational Conformity Backfires
When Will People Conform to Informational Social Influence?
When the Situation is Ambiguous
When the Situation is a Crisis
When Other People are Experts
Normative Social Influence: The Need to Be Accepted
Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line-Judgment Studies
The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited
The Consequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence
When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence?
When the Group is Important
When One Has No Allies in the Group
When the Group’s Culture is Collectivistic
Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many
Conformity Tactics
The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms
Using Norms to Change Behavior: Beware the “Boomerang Effect”
Other Tactics of Social Influence
Obedience to Authority
The Milgram Study
The Role of Normative Social Influence
The Role of Informational Social Influence
Other Reasons Why We Obey
Adhering to the Wrong Norm
Self-Justification
The Loss of Personal Responsibility
The Obedience Studies, Then and Now
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 9 Group Processes Influence in Social Groups
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
What Is a Group?
Why Do People Join Groups?
The Composition and Functions of Groups
Social Norms
Social Roles
Group Cohesiveness
Group Diversity
Individual Behavior in a Group Setting
Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us
Simple Versus Difficult Tasks
Arousal and the Dominant Response
Why the Presence of Others Causes Arousal
Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us
Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most?
Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd
Deindividuation Makes People Feel Less Accountable
Deindividuation Increases Obedience to Group Norms
Deindividuation Online
Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?
Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving
Failure to Share Unique Information
Groupthink: Many Heads, One Mind
Group Polarization: Going to Extremes
Leadership in Groups
Leadership and Personality
Leadership Styles
The Right Person in the Right Situation
Gender and Leadership
Culture and Leadership
Conflict and Cooperation
Social Dilemmas
Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Using Threats to Resolve Conflict
Effects of Communication
Negotiation and Bargaining
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 10 Attraction and Relationships From Initial Impressions to Long-Term Intimacy
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
What Predicts Attraction?
The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect
Similarity
Opinions and Personality
Interests and Experiences
Appearance
Genetics
Some Final Comments About Similarity
Reciprocal Liking
Physical Attractiveness
What is Attractive?
Cultural Standards of Beauty
The Power of Familiarity
Assumptions About Attractive People
Evolution and Mate Selection
Evolution and Sex Differences
Alternate Perspectives On Sex Differences
Making Connections in the Digital World
Attraction 2.0: Mate Preference in an Online Era
The Promise and Pitfalls of Meeting People Online
Love and Close Relationships
Defining Love: Companionship and Passion
Culture and Love
Attachment Styles in Intimate Relationships
Your Body and Brain in Love
Assessing Relationships: Satisfaction and Breaking Up
Theories of Relationship Satisfaction
Social Exchange Theory
Equity Theory
The Process and Experience of Breaking Up
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 11 Prosocial Behavior Why Do People Help?
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes
Kin Selection
The Reciprocity Norm
Group Selection
Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping
Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping
Review Questions
Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality
Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior
Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior
Religion and Prosocial Behavior
The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior
Effects of Positive Moods: Feel Good, Do Good
Feel Bad, Do Good
Review Questions
Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When Will People Help?
Environment: Rural Versus Urban
Residential Mobility
The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect
Noticing an Event
Interpreting the Event as an Emergency
Assuming Responsibility
Knowing How to Help
Deciding to Implement the Help
Diffusion of Responsibility in Cyberspace
Effects of the Media: Video Games and Music Lyrics
Review Questions
How Can Helping Be Increased?
Increasing the Likelihood That Bystanders Will Intervene
Increasing Volunteerism
Review Questions
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 12 Aggression Why Do We Hurt Other People? Can We Prevent It?
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Is Aggression Innate, Learned, or Optional?
The Evolutionary View
Aggression in Other Animals
Culture and Aggression
Changes in Aggression Across Time and Cultures
Cultures of Honor
Gender and Aggression
Physical Aggression
Relational Aggression
Learning to Behave Aggressively
Some Physiological Influences
The Effects of Alcohol
The Effects of Pain and Heat
Social Situations and Aggression
Frustration and Aggression
Provocation and Reciprocation
Weapons as Aggressive Cues
Putting the Elements Together: The Case of Sexual Assault
Motivations for Rape
Sexual Scripts and the Problem of Consent
Violence and the Media
Studying the Effects of Media Violence
Experimental Studies
Longitudinal Studies
The Problem of Determining Cause and Effect
How to Decrease Aggression
Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggression?
Using Punishment on Violent Adults
Can We Release Anger by Indulging It?
The Effects of Aggressive Acts on Subsequent Aggression
Blaming the Victim of Our Aggression
What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger?
Venting Versus Self-Awareness
Training in Communication and Problem-Solving Skills
Getting Apologies Right
Countering Dehumanization by Building Empathy
Disrupting the Rejection-Rage Cycle
Summary
Test Yourself
Chapter 13 Prejudice Causes, Consequences, and Cures
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Defining Prejudice
The Cognitive Component: Stereotypes
Are Positive Stereotypes Good?
The Affective Component: Emotions
The Behavioral Component: Discrimination
Institutionalized Discrimination
Everyday Discrimination
From Prejudice to Discrimination
Detecting Hidden Prejudices
Ways of Identifying Suppressed Prejudices
Ways of Identifying Implicit Prejudices
The Effects of Prejudice on the Victim
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Social Identity Threat
Causes of Prejudice
Pressures to Conform: Normative Rules
Social Identity Theory: Us versus Them
Ethnocentrism
In-Group Bias
Out-Group Homogeneity
Blaming the Victim
Justifying Feelings of Entitlement and Superiority
Realistic Conflict Theory
Reducing Prejudice
The Contact Hypothesis
Where Contact Can go Wrong
Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom
Why Does Jigsaw Work?
The Gradual Spread of Cooperative and Interdependent Learning
Summary
Test Yourself
Social Psychology in Action 1 Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable and Happy Future
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Applied Research in Social Psychology
Capitalizing on the Experimental Method
Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions
Potential Risks of Social Interventions
Social Psychology to the Rescue
Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future
Conveying and Changing Social Norms
Keeping Track of Consumption
Introducing a Little Competitiveness
Inducing Hypocrisy
Removing Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes
Happiness and a Sustainable Lifestyle
What Makes People Happy?
Satisfying Relationships
Flow: Becoming Engaged in Something you Enjoy
Accumulate Experiences, Not Things
Helping Others
Do People Know What Makes Them Happy?
Summary
Test Yourself
Social Psychology in Action 2 Social Psychology and Health
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Stress and Human Health
Resilience
Effects of Negative Life Events
Limits of Stress Inventories
Perceived Stress and Health
Feeling in Charge: The Importance of Perceived Control
Increasing Perceived Control in Nursing Homes
Disease, Control, and Well-Being
Coping with Stress
Gender Differences in Coping with Stress
Social Support: Getting Help from Others
Reframing: Finding Meaning in Traumatic Events
Prevention: Promoting Healthier Behavior
Summary
Test Yourself
Social Psychology in Action 3 Social Psychology and the Law
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Eyewitness Testimony
Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are Mistaken
Responding Quickly
Post-Identification Feedback
The Recovered Memory Debate
Juries: Group Processes in Action
How Jurors Process Information during the Trial
Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem?
Deliberations in the Jury Room
Summary
Test Yourself
Glossary
References
Credits
Photo Credits
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
SPA01
SPA02
SPA03
Text Credits
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
SPA1
SPA2
SPA3
Name Index
Subject Index
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