Principles of Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children 7th Edition by Jane Ball, ISBN-13: 978-0134257013

Description

Principles of Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children 7th Edition by Jane Ball, ISBN-13: 978-0134257013

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 7th edition (October 24, 2016)
• Language: ‎ English
• 1080 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 9780134257013
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0134257013

Due to its large file size, this book may take longer to download.

For pediatric nursing courses in associate and baccalaureate degree programs.

Help readers learn to think like nurses and visualize how to care for children.

To prepare today’s students to begin thinking and acting like nurses, Principles of Pediatric Nursing, Seventh Edition presents a foundation of core pediatric nursing principles with an emphasis on growth and development, family-centered care, and health promotion and maintenance. Nursing students often bring an Adult Health mindset to Pediatric Nursing, which can obscure the special considerations needed to effectively care for children. Principles of Pediatric Nursing helps students visualize how to care for children and understand the ways caring for pediatric patients is similar to, and different from, adult patients.

Table of Contents:

Principles of Pediatric Nursing Caring for Children

About the Authors

Thank You!

Preface

Preparation for Nursing Excellence

Realities of Pediatric Nursing

Organization and Integrated Themes

Resources for Student Success

Resources for Faculty Success

Features to Help You Use This Textbook Successfully

Contents

Chapter 1 Nurse’s Role in Care of the Child: Hospital, Community, and Home

Learning Outcomes

Pediatric Healthcare Overview

Role of the Nurse in Pediatrics

Direct Nursing Care

Patient Education

Patient Advocacy

Case Management

Research

Nursing Process in Pediatric Care

Clinical Reasoning

Evidence-Based Practice

Settings for Pediatric Nursing Care

Contemporary Climate for Pediatric Nursing Care

Culturally Sensitive Care

Family-Centered Care

Pediatric Health Statistics

Mortality

Morbidity

Healthcare Issues

Healthcare Financing

Healthcare Technology

Legal Concepts and Responsibilities

Regulation of Nursing Practice

Accountability and Risk Management

Accountability

Patient Safety

Risk Management

Legal and Ethical Issues in Pediatric Care

Informed Consent

Child Participation in Healthcare Decisions

Child’s Rights Versus Parents’ Rights

Confidentiality

Patient Self-Determination Act

Ethical Issues

Withholding or Withdrawing Medical Treatment

Genetic Testing of Children

Organ Transplantation Issues

Partnering With Families

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 2 Family-Centered Care and Cultural Considerations

Learning Outcomes

Family and Family Roles

Family-Centered Care

History of Family-Centered Care

Promoting Family-Centered Care

Family Composition

Family Functioning

Transition to Parenthood

Parental Influences on the Child

Family Size

Sibling Relationships

Parenting

Authoritarian Parents

Authoritative Parents

Permissive Parents

Indifferent Parents

Parent Adaptability

Assessing Parenting Styles

Discipline and Limit Setting

Special Family Considerations

Divorce and Its Effects on Children

Stepparenting

Foster Care

Foster Parenting

Health Status of Foster Children

Transition to Permanent Placement

Adoption

Legal Aspects of Adoption

Preparation for Adoption

Responses by Adopted Children

International Adoptions

Family Theories

Family Development Theory

Family Systems Theory

Family Stress Theory

Family Assessment

Family Stressors

Family Strengths

Collecting Data for Family Assessment

Family Assessment Tools

Genogram

Family Ecomap

Calgary Family Assessment Model

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Cultural Considerations

Cultural Assessment

Cultural Practices That Influence Health Care

Family Roles and Organization

Communication

Time Orientation

Nutrition

Health Beliefs, Approaches, and Practices

Complementary and Alternative Modalities

Safety Issues Concerning CAM Therapies

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 3 Genetic and Genomic Influences

Learning Outcomes

Partnering With Families: Meeting the Standard of Genetic Nursing Care Delivery

Impact of Genetic Advances on Health Promotion and Health Maintenance

Genetic Basics

Cell Division

Chromosomal Alterations

Alterations in Chromosome Number

Mosaicism

Structural Chromosomal Alterations

Inversion

Deletion and Duplication

Translocation

Genes

Function and Distribution of Genes

Mitochondrial Genes

Human Genetic Variation

Gene Alterations and Disease

Gene Alterations That Decrease Risk of Disease

Principles of Inheritance

Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Dominant Versus Recessive Disorders

Autosomal Dominant

Inheritance Risk in Autosomal Dominant Conditions

Autosomal Recessive

Inheritance Risk in Autosomal Recessive Conditions

X-Linked

Inheritance Risk in X-Linked Conditions

X Inactivation

Y-Linked Disorders

Variability in Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Penetrance

Variable Expressivity

New Mutation

Anticipation

Imprinting

Uniparental Disomy

Multifactorial Inheritance

Collaborative Care

Diagnostic Procedures

Recommendations for Genetic Testing

Categories of Genetic Tests

Diagnosing Chromosomal Alterations

Diagnosing Gene Alterations

Quality and Accuracy of Genetic Tests

Visions for the Future

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 4 Growth and Development

Learning Outcomes

Principles of Growth and Development

Major Theories of Development

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

Theoretical Framework

Stages

Oral (Birth to 1 Year)

Anal (1 to 3 Years)

Phallic (3 to 6 Years)

Latency (6 to 12 Years)

Genital (12 Years to Adulthood)

Nursing Application

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Theoretical Framework

Stages

Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth to 1 Year)

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 Years)

Initiative Versus Guilt (3 to 6 Years)

Industry Versus Inferiority (6 to 12 Years)

Identity Versus Role Confusion (12 to 18 Years)

Nursing Application

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Theoretical Framework

Stages

Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 Years)

Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 Month)

Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 Months)

Secondary Circular Reactions (4 to 8 Months)

Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8 to 12 Months)

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 Months)

Mental Combinations (18 to 24 Months)

Preoperational (2 to 7 Years)

Preconceptual Substage

Intuitive Substage

Concrete Operational (7 to 11 Years)

Formal Operational (11 Years to Adulthood)

Nursing Application

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Theoretical Framework

Stages

Preconventional (4 to 7 Years)

Conventional (7 to 12 Years)

Postconventional (12 Years and Older)

Nursing Application

Social Learning Theory

Theoretical Framework

Nursing Application

Behaviorism

Theoretical Framework

Nursing Application

Ecologic Theory

Theoretical Framework

Levels/Systems

Microsystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

Chronosystem

Nursing Application

Temperament Theory

Theoretical Framework

Nursing Application

Resiliency Theory

Theoretical Framework

Nursing Application

Influences on Development

Infant (Birth to 1 Year)

Physical Growth and Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Play

Personality and Temperament

Communication

Toddler (1 to 3 Years)

Physical Growth and Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Play

Personality and Temperament

Communication

Preschool Child (3 to 6 Years)

Physical Growth and Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Play

Personality and Temperament

Communication

School-Age Child (6 to 12 Years)

Physical Growth and Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Play

Personality and Temperament

Communication

Sexuality

Adolescent (12 to 18 Years)

Physical Growth and Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Activities

Personality and Temperament

Communication

Sexuality

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 5 Pediatric Assessment

Learning Outcomes

Anatomic and Physiologic Characteristics of Infants and Children

Obtaining the Child’s History

Communication Strategies

Strategies to Build Rapport with the Family

Careful Listening

Data to Be Collected

Client Information

Physiologic Data

Chief Concern.

Present Illness or Injury.

Past History.

Current Health Status.

Familial and Hereditary Diseases.

Review of Systems.

Psychosocial Data

Newborns

Children

Adolescents

Developmental Status

Developmental Approach to the Examination

Newborns and Infants Under 6 Months of Age

Infants Over 6 Months of Age

Toddlers

Preschoolers

School-Age Children

Adolescents

General Appraisal

Assessing Skin and Hair Characteristics

Inspection of the Skin

Skin Color

Palpation of the Skin

Capillary Refill Time

Skin Lesions

Inspection of the Hair

Palpation of the Hair

Assessing the Head for Skull Characteristics and Facial Features

Inspection of the Head and Face

Palpation of the Skull

Sutures

Fontanelles

Assessing Eye Structures, Function, and Vision

Inspection of the External Eye Structures

EYE Size and Spacing

Eyelids and Eyelashes

Eye Color

Pupils

Assessment of the EYE Muscles

Vision Assessment

Infants and Toddlers

Standardized Vision Charts

Inspection of the Internal Eye Structures

Red Reflex

Assessing the Ear Structures and Hearing

Inspection of the External Ear Structures

Inspection of the Tympanic Membrane

Hearing Assessment

Infants and Toddlers

Preschool and Older Children

Bone and Air Conduction of Sound

Assessing the Nose and Sinuses for Airway Patency and Discharge

Inspection of the External Nose

Palpation of the External Nose

Nasal Patency

Assessment of Smell

Inspection of the Internal Nose

Mucous Membranes and Nasal Septum

Discharge

Inspection of the Sinuses

Assessing the Mouth and Throat for Color, Function, and Signs of Abnormal Conditions

Inspection of the Mouth

Lips

Teeth

Mouth Odors

Gums and Buccal Mucosa

Tongue

Palate

Palpation of the Mouth Structures

Inspection of the Throat

Assessing the Neck for Characteristics, Range of Motion, and Lymph Nodes

Inspection of the Neck

Palpation of the Neck

Lymph Nodes

Trachea

Thyroid

Range of Motion Assessment

Assessing the Chest for Shape, Movement, Respiratory Effort, and Lung Function

Inspection of the Chest

Shape of The Chest

Chest Movement and Respiratory Effort

Respiratory Rate

Palpation of the Chest

Chest Wall

Tactile Fremitus

Auscultation of the Chest

Breath Sounds

Vocal Resonance

Abnormal Breath Sounds

ABNORMAL VOICE SOUNDS

Percussion of the Chest

Assessing the Breasts

Inspection of the Breasts

Palpation of the Breasts

Assessing the Heart for Heart Sounds and Function

Inspection of the Precordium

Palpation of the Precordium

Heart Rate and Rhythm

Auscultation of the Heart

Identifying Heart Sounds

Splitting of the Heart Sounds

Extra Heart Sounds

Venous Hum

Completing the Heart Examination

Palpation of The Pulses

Blood Pressure

Other Signs

Assessing the Abdomen for Shape, Bowel Sounds, and Underlying Organs

Inspection of the Abdomen

Abdominal Movement

Auscultation of the Abdomen

Percussion of the Abdomen

Palpation of the Abdomen

Light Palpation

Deep Palpation

Assessment of the Inguinal Area

Assessing the Genital and Perineal Areas for External Structural Abnormalities

Inspection of the Female External Genitalia

Inspection of the Male Genitalia

Penis

Scrotum

Palpation of the Male Genitalia

Anus and Rectum

Assessing Pubertal Development and Sexual Maturation

Girls

Boys

Sexual Maturity Timeline

Assessing the Musculoskeletal System for Bone and Joint Structure, Movement, and Muscle Strength

Inspection of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Palpation of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Range of Motion and Muscle Strength Assessment

Range of Motion

Muscle Strength

Posture and Spinal Alignment

POSTURE

Spinal Alignment

Inspection of the Upper Extremities

Inspection of the Lower Extremities

Legs and Feet

Assessing the Nervous System

Cognitive Function

Behavior

Communication Skills

Memory

Level of Consciousness

Cerebellar Function

Balance

Coordination

Gait

Cranial Nerve Function

Sensory Function

Common Newborn Reflexes

Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes

Superficial Reflexes

Deep Tendon Reflexes

Performing an Intermittent Examination

Analyzing Data From the Physical Examination

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 6 Introduction to Health Promotion and Maintenance

Learning Outcomes

General Concepts

Components of Health Promotion/Health Maintenance Visits

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 7 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant

Learning Outcomes

Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant

Early Contacts With the Family

General Observations

Growth and Developmental Surveillance

Nutrition

Physical Activity

Oral Health

Mental and Spiritual Health

Relationships

Disease Prevention Strategies

Injury Prevention Strategies

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 8 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Toddler and Preschooler

Learning Outcomes

Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Toddler and Preschooler

General Observations

Growth and Developmental Surveillance

Nutrition

Physical Activity

Oral Health

Mental and Spiritual Health

Relationships

Disease Prevention Strategies

Injury Prevention Strategies

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 9 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the School-Age Child and Adolescent

Learning Outcomes

Health Promotion and Maintenance for the School-Age Child

General Observations

Growth and Developmental Surveillance

Nutrition

Physical Activity

Oral Health

Mental and Spiritual Health

Self-Esteem and Self-Concept

Sexuality and Sexuality Education

Sleep

School

Evaluating Mental Health and Spiritual Health

Relationships

Disease Prevention Strategies

Injury Prevention Strategies

Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Adolescent

General Observations

Growth and Developmental Surveillance

Nutrition

Physical Activity

Oral Health

Mental and Spiritual Health

Relationships

Disease Prevention Strategies

Injury Prevention Strategies

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 10 Nursing Considerations for the Child in the Community

Learning Outcomes

Community-Based Health Care

Community Healthcare Settings

Nursing Roles in the Office or Healthcare Center Setting

Educating the Child and Family

Identifying Severely Ill and Injured Children

Emergency Response Planning

Identifying Community Resources

Ensuring a Safe Environment for Children

Nursing Roles in the Specialty Healthcare Setting

Nursing Roles in the School Setting

Preparation for Emergencies

Facilitating a Child’s Return to School

Nursing Roles in the Childcare Setting

Reducing Disease Transmission

Health Promotion and Health Maintenance

Environmental Safety

Emergency Care Planning

Nursing Roles in the Home Healthcare Setting

Assessment of Community Needs and Resources

Community Assessment

Planning and Evaluation

Preparation for Disasters

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 11 Nursing Considerations for the Hospitalized Child

Learning Outcomes

Effects of Hospitalization on Children and Their Families

Children’s Understanding of Health and Illness

Infant

Toddler

Preschooler

School-Age Child

Adolescent

Family Responses to Hospitalization

Family Assessment

Nurse’s Role in the Child’s Adaptation to Hospitalization

Planned Hospitalization

Unexpected Hospitalization

Nursing Care of the Hospitalized Child

Special Units and Types of Care

General Pediatric Care Unit

Short-Stay, Outpatient, and Ambulatory Surgical Units

Emergency Care

Intensive Care Unit

Isolation

Rehabilitation

Parental Involvement and Parental Presence

Preparation for Procedures

Psychologic Preparation

Physical Preparation

Performing the Procedure

Preparation for Surgery

Preoperative Care

Psychosocial Preparation.

Parental Presence During Anesthesia Induction.

Physical Preparation.

Postoperative Care

Postoperative Home Care Instructions

Strategies to Promote Coping and Normal Development of the Hospitalized Child

Rooming In

Child-Life Programs

Therapeutic Play

Infant

Toddler

Preschooler

School-Age Child

Therapeutic Recreation

Strategies to Meet Educational Needs

Child and Family Teaching

Teaching Plans

Teaching for Children With Special Healthcare Needs

Preparation for Home Care

Assessing the Child and Family in Preparation for Discharge

Preparing the Family for Home Care

Preparing Parents to Act as Case Managers

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 12 The Child With a Chronic Condition

Learning Outcomes

Overview of Chronic Conditions

Role of the Nurse

The Child With a Newly Diagnosed Chronic Condition

Discharge Planning and Home Care Teaching

Coordination of Care

Community Sites of Care

Office or Health Center

Specialty Referral Centers

Schools

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM PLANNING

THE CHILD’S RESPONSE TO ENTERING SCHOOL

EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WHO ARE MEDICALLY FRAGILE

HOME SCHOOLING

TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD

Home Care

RESPITE CARE

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 13 The Child With a Life-Threatening Condition and End-of-Life Care

Learning Outcomes

Life-Threatening Illness or Injury

Child’s Experience

Coping Mechanisms

Parents’ Experience of a Child’s Life-Threatening Illness or Injury

The Family in Crisis

Parental Reactions to Life-Threatening Illness or Injury

Shock and Disbelief

Anger and Guilt

Deprivation and Loss

Anticipatory Waiting

Readjustment or Mourning

The Siblings’ Experience

End-of-Life Care

Palliative and Hospice Care

Ethical Issues Surrounding a Child’s Death

Brain Death Criteria

Withdrawal of or Withholding Treatment

Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders

Care of the Dying Child

Awareness of Dying by Developmental Age

Bereavement

Parents’ Reactions

Sudden Death of a Child

Death of a Newborn or Young Infant

Grief and Bereavement

Siblings’ Reactions

Staff Reactions to the Death of a Child

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 14 Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition

Learning Outcomes

General Nutrition Concepts

Nutritional Needs

Infancy

Fluid and Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Dental Health

Weaning

Introduction of Complementary Foods

Toddlerhood

Preschool

School Age

Adolescence

Nutritional Assessment

Physical and Behavioral Measurement

Growth Measurement

Additional Physical Measurements

Dietary Intake

Twenty-Four–Hour Recall of Food Intake

Food Frequency Questionnaire

Dietary Screening History

Food Diary

Common Nutritional Concerns

Childhood Hunger

Overweight and Obesity

Food Safety

Common Dietary Deficiencies

Iron

Calcium

Vitamin D

Folic Acid

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Celiac Disease

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Colic

Pica

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (Formerly Called Feeding Disorder of Infancy and Early Childhood or Failure to Thrive)

Etiology and Pathophysiology.

Clinical Manifestations.

Clinical Therapy.

Anorexia Nervosa

Etiology and Pathophysiology.

Clinical Manifestations.

Clinical Therapy.

Bulimia Nervosa

Etiology and Pathophysiology.

Clinical Manifestations.

Clinical Therapy.

Food Reactions

Lactose Intolerance

Nutritional Support

Sports Nutrition and Ergogenic Agents

Herbs, Probiotics, and Prebiotics

Health-Related Conditions

Vegetarianism

Enteral Therapy

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 15 Pain Assessment and Management in Children

Learning Outcomes

Pain

Misconceptions About Pain in Children

Developmental Aspects of Pain Perception, Memory, and Response

Cultural Influences on Pain

Consequences of Pain

Pain Assessment

Pain History

Pain Assessment Tools

Pain Behavior Scales for Nonverbal Children

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).

The Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) Observational Tool.

Pain Location.

Assessing Children With Intellectual Disability

Self-Report Pain Scales

Faces Pain Rating Scale.

Oucher Scale.

Poker Chip Tool.

Numeric Pain Scale.

Word-Graphic Rating Scale.

Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool.

Acute Pain

Clinical Manifestations

Physiologic Indicators

Behavioral Indicators

Clinical Therapy

Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Opioids

Drug Administration

Patient-Controlled Analgesia.

Regional Pain Management

Nonpharmacologic Methods of Pain Management

Distraction

Guided Imagery

Relaxation Techniques

Breathing Techniques

Cutaneous Stimulation

Hypnosis

Sucrose Solution

Application of Heat and Cold

Electroanalgesia

Acupuncture

Chronic Pain

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Sedation and Analgesia for Medical Procedures

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 16 Immunizations and Communicable Diseases

Learning Outcomes

Special Vulnerability of Infants and Children

Public Health and Communicable Diseases

Immunization

Clinical Manifestations

Collaborative Care

Immunization Schedules

Improving Immunization Rates

Vaccine Injury Compensation

Communicable Diseases in Children

Clinical Manifestations

Fever

Fever Management

Antibiotic Use

Sepsis and Septic Shock

Emerging Infection Control Threats

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 17 Social and Environmental Influences on the Child

Learning Outcomes

Basic Concepts

Social Influences on Child Health

Poverty

Stress

Families

School and Child Care

Community

Culture

Lifestyle Activities and Their Influence on Child Health

Tobacco Use

Alcohol Use

Drug Use

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior

Injury and Protective Equipment

Body Art

Sexual Orientation

Effects of Violence

Schools and Communities

Bullying

Incarceration

Hazing

Domestic Violence

Dating Violence

Child Abuse

Physical Abuse

Physical Neglect

Abandoned Babies

Emotional Abuse

Emotional Neglect

Sexual Abuse

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Factitious Disorder)

Environmental Influences on Child Health

Environmental Contaminants

Poisoning

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Ingestion of Foreign Objects

Lead Poisoning

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 18 Alterations in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance

Learning Outcomes

Fluid Volume Imbalances

Extracellular Fluid Volume Imbalances

Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess

Interstitial Fluid Volume Excess (Edema)

Electrolyte Imbalances

Sodium Imbalances

Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Potassium Imbalances

Hyperkalemia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Hypokalemia

Etiology and Pathophysiology.

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Calcium Imbalances

Hypercalcemia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Hypocalcemia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Magnesium Imbalances

Hypermagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia

Clinical Assessment of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

Acid–Base Imbalances

Respiratory Acidosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic Acidosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Metabolic Alkalosis

Mixed Acid–Base Imbalances

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 19 Alterations in Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Function

Learning Outcomes

Disorders of the Eye

Infectious Conjunctivitis

Periorbital Cellulitis

Visual Disorders

Color Blindness

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Visual Impairment

Injuries of the Eye

Disorders of the ear

Otitis Media

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Otitis Externa

Hearing Impairment

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Injuries of the Ear

Disorders of the Nose and throat

Epistaxis

Nasopharyngitis

Sinusitis

Pharyngitis

Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Evaluation

Disorders of the Mouth

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 20 Alterations in Respiratory Function

Learning Outcomes

Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure

Foreign-Body Aspiration

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Respiratory Failure

Clinical Therapy

Apnea

Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Croup Syndromes

Lower Airway Disorders

Bronchitis

Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Chronic Lung Conditions

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Evaluation

Asthma

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Acute Asthma Episodes.

Exercise-Induced Asthma.

Severe Asthma Episodes.

Cystic Fibrosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Injuries of the Respiratory System

Smoke-Inhalation Injury

Blunt Chest Trauma

Pulmonary Contusion

Pneumothorax

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 21 Alterations in Cardiovascular Function

Learning Outcomes

Congenital Heart Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Congenital Heart Defects That Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Defects Causing Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow and Mixed Defects

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Defects Causing Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

Mixed Defects

Clinical Manifestations

Defects Causing Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

Mixed Defects

Clinical Therapy

Hypoxic Episodes

Infective Endocarditis

Outcomes and Prognosis

Defects Obstructing Systemic Blood Flow

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Congestive Heart Failure

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Acquired Heart Diseases

Cardiomyopathy

Heart Transplantation

Pulmonary Artery Hypertension

Infective Endocarditis

Acute Rheumatic Fever

Kawasaki Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Bradycardia

Supraventricular Tachycardia

Long QT Syndrome

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

Clinical Therapy

Injuries of the Cardiovascular System

Shock

Hypovolemic Shock

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Distributive Shock

Obstructive Shock

Cardiogenic Shock

Myocardial Contusion

Commotio Cordis

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 22 Alterations in Immune Function

Learning Outcomes

Immunodeficiency Disorders

B-Cell and T-Cell Disorders

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Autoimmune Disorders

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Allergic Reactions

Latex Allergy

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 23 Alterations in Hematologic Function

Learning Outcomes

Anemias

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Normocytic Anemia

Sickle Cell Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Thalassemias

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Aplastic Anemia

Bleeding Disorders

Hemophilia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Von Willebrand Disease

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 24 The Child With Cancer

Learning Outcomes

Childhood Cancer

Incidence

Etiology and Pathophysiology

External Stimuli

Immune System and Gene Abnormalities

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Tests

Clinical Therapy

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Radiation

Biotherapy

Bone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Complementary Therapies

End-of-Life Care

Special Issues in Childhood Cancer

Oncologic Emergencies

Metabolic emergencies.

Hematologic emergencies.

Space-occupying lesion.

Psychosocial Needs

Solid Tumors

Brain Tumors

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Neuroblastoma

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Bone Tumors

Osteosarcoma

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Ewing Sarcoma

Leukemia

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Soft-Tissue Tumors

Hodgkin Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Retinoblastoma

Chapter Highlights

References

Chapter 25 Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function

Learning Outcomes

Structural Defects

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Pyloric Stenosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Omphalocele and Gastroschisis

Intussusception

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Volvulus

Hirschsprung Disease

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Anorectal Malformations

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Therapy

Hernias

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Umbilical Hernia

Ostomies

Inflammatory Disorders

Appendicitis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifes