Physics: Principles with Applications 7th Edition by Douglas Giancoli, ISBN-13: 978-0321625922

Physics: Principles with Applications 7th Edition by Douglas Giancoli, ISBN-13: 978-0321625922

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 7th edition (June 6, 2013)
• Language: ‎ English
• 1088 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0321625927
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0321625922

Table of Contents:

Physics Principles with Applications
Contents
Applications to Biology and Medicine (Selected)
Applications to Other Fields and Everyday Life (Selected)
Student Supplements
Preface
What’s New?
See the World through Eyes that Know Physics
About the Author
To Students
Chapter 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
1–1 The Nature of Science
1–2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields
1–3 Models, Theories, and Laws
1–4 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
Uncertainty
Conceptual Example 1–1 Is the diamond yours?
Response
Significant Figures
Exercise A
Exercise B
Conceptual Example 1–2 Significant figures.
Response
Note
Scientific Notation
Exercise C
*Percent Uncertainty vs. Significant Figures
Approximations
Accuracy vs. Precision
1–5 Units, Standards, and the SI System
Length
Time
Mass
Unit Prefixes
Systems of Units
*Base vs. Derived Quantities
1–6 Converting Units
Example 1–3 The 8000-m peaks.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 1–4 Apartment area.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 1–5 Speeds.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
Exercise E
1–7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
Example 1–6 Estimate Volume of a lake.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 1–7 Estimate Thickness of a sheet of paper.
Approach
Solution
Example 1–8 Estimate Height by triangulation.
Approach
Solution
A Harder Example—But Powerful
Example 1–9 Estimate Estimating the radius of Earth.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
*1–8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
1–4 Measurement, Uncertainty, Significant Figures
1–5 and 1–6 Units, Standards, SI, Converting Units
1–7 Order-of-Magnitude Estimating
*1–8 Dimensions
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
2–1 Reference Frames and Displacement
Exercise A
2–2 Average Velocity
Example 2–1 Runner’s average velocity.
Approach
Solution
Example 2–2 Distance a cyclist travels.
Approach
Solution
Example 2–3 Car changes speed.
Approach
Solution
Note
2–3 Instantaneous Velocity
Exercise B
2–4 Acceleration
Example 2–4 Average acceleration.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 2–5 Velocity and acceleration.
Response
Example 2–6 Car slowing down.
Approach
Solution
Deceleration
Exercise C
2–5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
Example 2–7 Runway design.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
2–6 Solving Problems
Example 2–8 Acceleration of a car.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 2–9 Estimate Braking distances.
Approach
Solution
Note
2–7 Freely Falling Objects
Exercise E
Example 2–10 Falling from a tower.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 2–11 Thrown down from a tower.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 2–12 Ball thrown upward.
Approach
Solution
Example 2–13 Ball thrown upward, II.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 2–14 Two possible misconceptions.
Response
Example 2–15 Ball thrown upward, III.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
Additional Example—Using the Quadratic Formula
Example 2–16 Ball thrown upward at edge of cliff.
Approach
Solution
2–8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
Velocity as Slope
Slope and Acceleration
Conceptual Example 2–17 Analyzing with graphs.
Response
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
2–1 to 2–3 Speed and Velocity
2–4 Acceleration
2–5 and 2–6 Motion at Constant Acceleration
2–7 Freely Falling Objects (neglect air resistance)
2–8 Graphical Analysis
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
3–1 Vectors and Scalars
3–2 Addition of Vectors–-Graphical Methods
Conceptual Example 3–1 Range of vector lengths.
Response
Exercise A
3–3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Exercise B
3–4 Adding Vectors by Components
Components
Adding Vectors
Example 3–2 Mail carrier’s displacement.
Approach
Solution
Note
Adding Vector
Example 3–3 Three short trips.
Approach
Solution
3–5 Projectile Motion
Exercise C
Exercise D
Conceptual Example 3–4 Where does the apple land?
Response
Exercise E
3–6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems
Projectile Motion
Example 3–5 Driving off a cliff.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 3–6 A kicked football.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
Conceptual Example 3–7 The wrong strategy.
Response
Level Horizontal Range
Example 3–8 Range of a cannon ball.
Approach
Solution
Example 3–9 A punt.
Approach
Solution
*3–7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic
3–8 Relative Velocity
Example 3–10 Heading upstream.
Approach
Solution
Example 3–11 Heading across the river.
Approach
Solution
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
3–2 to 3–4 Vector Addition
3–5 and 3–6 Projectile Motion (neglect air resistance)
3–8 Relative Velocity
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 4 Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
4–1 Force
4–2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Conceptual Example 4–1 Newton’s first law.
Response
Inertial Reference Frames
4–3 Mass
4–4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Example 4–2 Estimate Force to accelerate a fast car.
Approach
Solution
Example 4–3 Force to stop a car.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
4–5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Conceptual Example 4–4 What exerts the force to move a car?
Response
Conceptual Example 4–5 Third law clarification.
Response
Exercise B
Exercise C
Exercise D
4–6 Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
Exercise E
Example 4–6 Weight, normal force, and a box.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 4–7 Accelerating the box.
Approach
Solution
Example 4–8 Apparent weight loss.
Approach
Solution
Note
4–7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams
Example 4–9 Adding force vectors.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 4–10 The hockey puck.
Response
Newton’s Laws; Free-Body Diagrams
Example 4–11 Pulling the mystery box.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
Tension in a Flexible Cord
Example4–12 Two boxes connected by a cord.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 4–13 Elevator and counterweight (Atwood machine).
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 4–14 The advantage of a pulley.
Response
Note
Example 4–15 Accelerometer.
Approach
Solution
Note
4–8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
Friction
Example 4–16 Friction: static and kinetic.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 4–17 A box against a wall.
Response
Exercise G
Example 4–18 Pulling against friction.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 4–19 To push or to pull a sled?
Response
Example 4–20 Two boxes and a pulley.
Approach
Solution
Note
Inclines
Exercise H
Example 4–21 The skier.
Approach
Solution
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
4–4to4–6 Newton’s Laws, Gravitational Force, Normal Force [Assume no friction.]
4–7 Newton’s Laws and Vectors [Ignore friction.]
4–8 Newton’s Laws with Friction, Inclines
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 5 Circular Motion; Gravitation
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
5–1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Example 5–1 Acceleration of a revolving ball.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Example 5–2 Moon’s centripetal acceleration.
Approach
Solution
Note
5–2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
Exercise B
Example 5–3 Estimate Force on revolving ball (horizontal).
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 5–4 Revolving ball (vertical circle).
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Conceptual Example 5–5 Tetherball.
Response
Uniform Circular Motion
5–3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked
Example 5–6 Skidding on a curve.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Example 5–7 Banking angle.
Approach
Solution
*5–4 Nonuniform Circular Motion
Example 5–8 Two components of acceleration.
Approach
Solution
Note
5–5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Example 5–9 Estimate Can you attract another person gravitationally?
Approach
Solution
Example 5–10 Spacecraft at 2rE.
Approach
Solution
5–6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface
Example 5–11 Estimate Gravity on Everest.
Approach
Solution
Exercise E
5–7 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
Satellite Motion
Example 5–12 Geosynchronous satellite.
Approach
Solution
Weightlessness
Exercise F
5–8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis
Kepler’s Laws
Example 5–13 Where is Mars?
Approach
Solution
Kepler’s Third Law Derived, Sun’s Mass, Perturbations
Example 5–14 The Sun’s mass determined.
Approach
Solution
Other Centers for Kepler’s Laws
Distant Planetary Systems
Newton’s Synthesis
Sun/Earth Reference Frames
5–9 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day
5–10 Types of Forces in Nature
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
5–1 to 5–3 Uniform Circular Motion
*5–4 Nonuniform Circular Motion
5–5 and 5–6 Law of Universal Gravitation
5–7 Satellites and Weightlessness
5–8 Kepler’s Laws
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 6 Work and Energy
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
6–1 Work Done by a Constant Force
Example 6–1 Work done on a crate.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Work
Example 6–2 Work on a backpack.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Conceptual Example 6–3 Does the Earth do work on the Moon?
Response
*6–2 Work Done by a Varying Force
6–3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Example 6–4 Estimate Work on a car, to increase its kinetic energy.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
Conceptual Example 6–5 Work to stop a car.
Response
Exercise C
Exercise D
6–4 Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Example 6–6 Potential energy changes for a roller coaster.
Approach
Solution
Note
Potential Energy Defined in General
Potential Energy of Elastic Spring
Potential Energy as Stored Energy
6–5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Exercise E
Work-Energy Extended
6–6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
6–7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 6–7 Falling rock.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 6–8 Roller-coaster car speed using energy conservation.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 6–9 Speeds on two water slides.
Response
Example 6–10 Toy dart gun.
Approach
Solution
Example 6–11 Two kinds of potential energy.
Approach
Solution
6–8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy
6–9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems
Exercise F
Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation
Conservation of Energy
Example 6–12 Estimate Friction on the roller-coaster car.
Approach
Solution
Note
6–10 Power
Example 6–13 Stair-climbing power.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 6–14 Power needs of a car.
Approach
Solution
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
6–1 Work, Constant Force
*6–2 Work, Varying Force
6–3 Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
6–4 and 6–5 Potential Energy
6–6 and 6–7 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6–8 and 6–9 Law of Conservation of Energy
6–10 Power
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 7 Linear Momentum
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
7–1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force
Exercise A
Example 7–1 Estimate Force of a tennis serve.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Example 7–2 Washing a car: momentum change and force.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise B
7–2 Conservation of Momentum
Example 7–3 Railroad cars collide: momentum conserved.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Exercise C
Exercise D
Conceptual Example 7–4 Falling on or off a sled.
Response
Example 7–5 Rifle recoil.
Approach
Solution
Exercise E
7–3 Collisions and Impulse
Exercise F
Example 7–6 Estimate Karate blow.
Approach
Solution
7–4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
7–5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Example 7–7 Equal masses.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 7–8 A nuclear collision.
Approach
Solution
Note
7–6 Inelastic Collisions
Example 7–9 Ballistic pendulum.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 7–10 Railroad cars again.
Approach
Solution
*7–7 Collisions in Two Dimensions
Example 7–11 Billiard ball collision in 2-D.
Approach
Solution
Momentum Conservation and Collisions
7–8 Center of Mass (CM)
Example 7–12 CM of three guys on a raft.
Approach
Solution
Exercise G
*7–9 CM for the Human Body
Example 7–13 A leg’s CM.
Approach
Solution
Note
*7–10 CM and Translational Motion
Conceptual Example 7–14 A two-stage rocket.
Response
Note
Exercise H
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
7–1 and 7–2 Momentum and Its Conservation
7–3 Collisions and Impulse
7–4 and 7–5 Elastic Collisions
7–6 Inelastic Collisions
*7–7 Collisions in Two Dimensions
7–8 Center of Mass (CM)
*7–9 CM for the Human Body
*7–10 CM and Translational Motion
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 8 Rotational Motion
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
8–1 Angular Quantities
Example 8–1 Bike wheel.
Approach
Solution
Example 8–2 Birds of prey—in radians.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 8–3 Is the lion faster than the horse?
Response
Example 8–4 Angular and linear velocities.
Approach
Solution
Example 8–5 Angular and linear accelerations.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Exercise A
8–2 Constant Angular Acceleration
Example 8–6 Centrifuge acceleration.
Approach
Solution
Note
8–3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)
Example 8–7 Bicycle.
Approach
Solution
Note
8–4 Torque
Example 8–8 Biceps torque.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise B
*Forces that Act to Tilt the Axis
8–5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia
Example 8–9 Two weights on a bar: different axis, different I.
Approach
Solution
Note
8–6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics
Rotational Motion
Example 8–10 A heavy pulley.
Approach
Solution
Additional Example—a bit more challenging
Example 8–11 Pulley and bucket.
Approach
Solution
Note
8–7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
Example 8–12 Sphere rolling down an incline.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 8–13 Which is fastest?
Response
Note
Exercise C
Work Done by Torque
8–8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
Exercise D
Example 8–14 Clutch.
Approach
Solution
Example 8–15 Estimate Neutron star.
Approach
Solution
*8–9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
Conceptual Example 8–16 Spinning bicycle wheel.
Response
Exercise E
Exercise F
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
8–1 Angular Quantities
8–2 and 8–3 Constant Angular Acceleration; Rolling
8–4 Torque
8–5 and 8–6 Rotational Dynamics
8–7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
8–8 Angular Momentum
*8–9 Angular Quantities as Vectors
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 9 Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
9–1 The Conditions for Equilibrium
Example 9–1 Straightening teeth.
Approach
Solution
Note
The First Condition for Equilibrium
Example 9–2 Chandelier cord tension.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
The Second Condition for Equilibrium
Conceptual Example 9–3 A lever.
Response
Exercise B
9–2 Solving Statics Problems
Statics
Example 9–4 Balancing a seesaw.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Example 9–5 Forces on a beam and supports.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Example 9–6 Hinged beam and cable.
Approach
Solution
Note
*A More Difficult Example—The Ladder
Example 9–7 Ladder.
Approach
Solution
Note
9–3 Applications to Muscles and Joints
Example 9–8 Force exerted by biceps muscle.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Example 9–9 Forces on your back.
Approach
Solution
Note
9–4 Stability and Balance
9–5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain
Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
Young’s Modulus
Example 9–10 Tension in piano wire.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Stress and Strain
Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress
Volume Change—Bulk Modulus
9–6 Fracture
Example 9–11 Estimate Breaking the piano wire.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 9–12 A tragic substitution.
Response
*9–7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes
Example 9–13 A modem dome.
Approach
Solution
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
9–1 and 9–2 Equilibrium
9–3 Muscles and Joints
9–4 Stability and Balance
9–5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain
9–6 Fracture
*9–7 Arches and Domes
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 10 Fluids
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
10–1 Phases of Matter
10–2 Density and Specific Gravity
Example 10–1 Mass, given volume and density.
Approach
Solution
10–3 Pressure in Fluids
Example 10–2 Calculating pressure.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Example 10–3 Pressure at a faucet.
Approach
Solution
NOTE
Exercise B
10–4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Conceptual Example 10–4 Finger holds water in a straw.
Response
Gauge Pressure
10–5 Pascal’s Principle
10–6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer
Conceptual Example 10–5 Suction.
RESPONSE
10–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Conceptual Example 10–6 Two pails of water.
Response
Example 10–7 Recovering a submerged statue.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 10–8 Archimedes: Is the crown gold?
Approach
Solution
Example 10–9 Hydrometer calibration.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Exercise D
Example 10–10 Helium balloon.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 10–11 Throwing a rock overboard.
Response
Exercise E
10–8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
Example 10–12 Estimate Blood flow.
Approach
Solution
Example 10–13 Heating duct to a room.
Approach
Solution
Note
10–9 Bernoulli’s Equation
Exercise F
Example 10–14 Flow and pressure in a hot-water heating system.
Approach
Solution
Note
10–10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow
Exercise G
Airplane Wings and Dynamic Lift
Sailboats
Baseball Curve
Lack of Blood to the Brain—TIA
Other Applications
*10–11 Viscosity
*10–12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow
*10–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity
Example 10–15 Estimate Insect walks on water.
Approach
Solution
Note
*Capillarity
*10–14 Pumps, and the Heart
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
10–2 Density and Specific Gravity
10–3 to 10–6 Pressure; Pascal’s Principle
10–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
10–8 to 10–10 Fluid Flow, Bernoulli’s Equation
*10–11 Viscosity
*10–12 Flow in Tubes; Poiseuille’s Equation
*10–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity
*10–14 Pumps; the Heart
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 11 Oscillations and Waves
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
11–1 Simple Harmonic Motion—Spring Oscillations
Exercise A
Exercise B
Example 11–1 Car springs.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 11–2 Is the motion simple harmonic?
Response
11–2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
Conceptual Example 11–3 Doubling the amplitude.
Response
Exercise C
Example 11–4 Spring calculations.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 11–5 Energy calculations.
Approach
Solution
11–3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
Exercise D
Example 11–6 Estimate Spider web.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 11–7 Estimate A vibrating floor.
Approach
Solution
Note
Period and Frequency—Derivation
Position as a Function of Time
Example 11–8 Starting with x = A cos ωt.
Approach
Solution
Sinusoidal Motion
*Velocity and Acceleration as Functions of Time
11–4 The Simple Pendulum
Exercise E
Exercise F
Example 11–9 Estimate Measuring g.
Approach
Solution
11–5 Damped Harmonic Motion
11–6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance
11–7 Wave Motion
Conceptual Example 11–10 Wave vs. particle velocity.
Response
Exercise G
Exercise H
11–8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal
Speed of Transverse Waves
Example 11–11 Wave along a wire.
Approach
Solution
Note
Speed of Longitudinal Waves
Example 11–12 Echolocation.
Approach
Solution
Note
Other Waves
11–9 Energy Transported by Waves
Example 11–13 Earthquake intensity.
Approach
Solution
Note
Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency
11–10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
11–11 Interference; Principle of Superposition
11–12 Standing Waves; Resonance
Example 11–14 Piano string.
Approach
Solution
Note
*11–13 Refraction†
*11–14 Diffraction
Conceptual Example 11–15 Cell phones.
Response
*11–15 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
11–1 to 11–3 Simple Harmonic Motion
11–4 Simple Pendulum
11–7 and 11–8 Waves
11–9 Energy Transported by Waves
11–11 Interference
11–12 Standing Waves; Resonance
*11–13 Refraction
*11–14 Diffraction
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 12 Sound
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
12–1 Characteristics of Sound
Conceptual Example 12–1 Distance from a lightning strike.
Response
Example 12–2 Autofocusing with sound waves.
Approach
Solution
Note
12–2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels
Sound Level
Example 12–3 Sound intensity on the street.
Approach
Solution
Example 12–4 Loudspeaker response.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
Conceptual Example 12–5 Trumpet players.
Response
Exercise B
Example 12–6 Airplane roar.
Approach
Solution
Note
Intensity Related to Amplitude
Example 12–7 How tiny the displacement is.
Approach
Solution
Note
*12–3 The Ear and Its Response; Loudness
*The Ear’s Response
12–4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns
Stringed Instruments
Example 12–8 Piano strings.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Example 12–9 Frequencies and wavelengths in the violin.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
Wind Instruments
Example 12–10 Organ pipes.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 12–11 Flute.
Approach
Solution
Exercise E
Example 12–12 Estimate Wind noise frequencies.
Approach
Solution
Note
*12–5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition
12–6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats
Interference in Space
Example 12–13 Loudspeakers’ interference.
Approach
Solution
Note
Beats—Interference in Time
Example 12–14 Beats.
Approach
Solution
12–7 Doppler Effect
Example 12–15 A moving siren.
Approach
Solution
Exercise F
Example 12–16 Two Doppler shifts.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise G
Doppler Effect for Light
*12–8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom
*12–9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging
* Sonar
* Ultrasound Medical Imaging
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
12–1 Characteristics of Sound
12–2 Intensity of Sound; Decibels
*12–3 Loudness
12–4 Sources of Sound: Strings and Air Columns
*12–5 Quality of Sound, Superposition
12–6 Interference; Beats
12–7 Doppler Effect
*12–8 Shockwaves; Sonic Boom
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 13 Temperature and Kinetic Theory
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
13–1 Atomic Theory of Matter
Example 13–1 Estimate Distance between atoms.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
13–2 Temperature and Thermometers
Temperature Scales
Example 13–2 Taking your temperature.
Approach
Solution
* Standard Temperature Scale
13–3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
*The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
13–4 Thermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Example 13–3 Bridge expansion.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 13–4 Do holes expand or contract?
Response
Example 13–5 Ring on a rod.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 13–6 Opening a tight jar lid.
Response
Volume Expansion
Example 13–7 Gas tank in the Sun.
Approach
Solution
Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C
* Thermal Stresses
13–5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
Conceptual Example 13–8 Why you should not put a closed glass jar into a campfire.
Response
13–6 The Ideal Gas Law
Exercise A
Exercise B
13–7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
Example 13–9 Volume of one mole at STP.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Example 13–10 Helium balloon.
Approach
Solution
Example 13–11 Estimate Mass of air in a room.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
Example 13–12 Check tires cold.
Approach
Solution
Note
13–8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number
Example 13–13 Hydrogen atom mass.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 13–14 Estimate How many molecules in one breath?
Approach
Solution
13–9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
Example 13–15 Molecular kinetic energy.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Example 13–16 Speeds of air molecules.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
* Kinetic Energy Near Absolute Zero
13–10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
13–11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
13–12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
Evaporation
Vapor Pressure
Boiling
Partial Pressure and Humidity
Example 13–17 Relative humidity.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 13–18 Dryness in winter.
Response
*13–13 Diffusion
Example 13–19 Estimate Diffusion of ammonia in air.
Approach
Solution
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
13–1 Atomic Theory
13–2 Temperature and Thermometers
13–4 Thermal Expansion
13–5 Gas Laws; Absolute Temperature
13–6 and 13–7 Ideal Gas Law
13–8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules; Avogadro’s Number
13–9 Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
13–11 Real Gases; Phase Changes
13–12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
*13–13 Diffusion
General Problems
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Chapter 14 Heat
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
14–1 Heat as Energy Transfer
Example 14–1 Estimate Working off the extra Calories.
Approach
Solution
Note
14–2 Internal Energy
Distinguishing Temperature, Heat, and Internal Energy
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
14–3 Specific Heat
Example 14–2 How heat transferred depends on specific heat.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 14–3 A very hot frying pan.
Response
Exercise A
* Specific Heats for Gases
14–4 Calorimetry—Solving Problems
Example 14–4 The cup cools the tea.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Example 14–4′ Alternate Solution, ∑Q = 0.
Approach
Solution
Example 14–5 Unknown specific heat determined by calorimetry.
Approach
Solution
Note
Bomb Calorimeter
14–5 Latent Heat
Exercise B
Example 14–6 Making ice.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Example 14–7 Estimate Will all the ice melt?
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Calorimetry
Evaporation
Kinetic Theory of Latent Heats
14–6 Heat Transfer: Conduction
Example 14–8 Heat loss through windows.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
*R-values for Building Materials
14–7 Heat Transfer: Convection
14–8 Heat Transfer: Radiation
Example 14–9 Estimate Cooling by radiation.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Example 14–10 Estimate Two teapots.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 14–11 Estimate Getting a tan—energy absorption.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 14–12 Estimate Star radius.
Approach
Solution
Exercise F
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
14–1 Heat as Energy Transfer
14–3 and 14–4 Specific Heat; Calorimetry
14–5 Latent Heat
14–6 to 14–8 Conduction, Convection, Radiation
General Problems
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Chapter 15 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
15–1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Example 15–1 Using the first law.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
*The First Law of Thermodynamics Extended
Example 15–2 Kinetic energy transformed to thermal energy.
Approach
Solution
Note
15–2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law
Isothermal Processes (ΔT = 0)
Adiabatic Processes (Q = 0)
Isobaric and Isovolumetric Processes
Work Done in Volume Changes
Conceptual Example 15–3 Work in isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Response
Exercise B
Example 15–4 First law in isobaric and isovolumetric processes.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Example 15–5 Work done in an engine.
Approach
Solution
Example 15–6 ΔU for boiling water to steam.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
*15–3 Human Metabolism and the First Law
Example 15–7 Energy transformation in the body.
Approach
Solution
Note
15–4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Introduction
15–5 Heat Engines
Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine
*Why a ΔT Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine
Efficiency
Example 15–8 Car efficiency.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Carnot Engine
Example 15–9 Steam engine efficiency.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 15–10 A phony claim?
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Exercise E
15–6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
Example 15–11 Making ice.
Approach
Solution
Example 15–12 Heat pump.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
*SEER Rating
15–7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example 15–13 Entropy change in melting.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 15–14 Estimate Entropy change when water samples are mixed.
Approach
Solution
15–8 Order to Disorder
Biological Development
“Time’s Arrow”
15–9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death
*15–10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law
Exercise G
*15–11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources
Thermodynamics
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
15–1 and 15–2 First Law of Thermodynamics
*15–3 Human Metabolism
15–5 Heat Engines
15–6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Heat Pumps
15–7 Entropy
*15–10 Statistical Interpretation
*15–11 Energy Resources
General Problems
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Chapter 16 Electric Charge and Electric Field
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
16–1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
16–2 Electric Charge in the Atom
16–3 Insulators and Conductors
16–4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
16–5 Coulomb’s Law
Exercise A
Example 16–1 Electric force on electron by proton.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 16–2 Which charge exerts the greater force?
Response
Note
Exercise B
16–6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors
Vector Addition Review
Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition
Example 16–3 Three charges in a line.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Example 16–4 Electric force using vector components.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 16-5 Make the force on Q3 zero.
Response
Exercise D
Exercise E
16–7 The Electric Field
Example 16–6 Photocopy machine.
Approach
Solution
Example 16–7 Electric field of a single point charge.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
Example 16–8 E→ at a point between two charges.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise G
Example 16–9 E→ above two point charges.
Approach
Solution
Electrostatics: Electric Forces and Electric Fields
Example 16–10 E→ equidistant above two point charges.
Approach
Solution
16–8 Electric Field Lines
Gravitational Field
16–9 Electric Fields and Conductors
Conceptual Example 16–11 Shielding, and safety in a storm.
Response
*16–10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
*16–11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics
*16–12 Gauss’s Law
Example 16–12 Charged spherical conducting shell.
Approach
Solution
Example 16–13 E near any conducting surface.
Approach
Solution
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
16–5 and 16–6 Coulomb’s Law
16–7 and 16–8 Electric Field, Field Lines
*16–10 DNA
*16–12 Gauss’s Law
General Problems
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Chapter 17 Electric Potential
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
17–1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference
Electric Potential Energy
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Conceptual Example 17–1 A negative charge.
Response
Note
Example 17–2 Electron in TV tube.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
17–2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
Example 17–3 Electric field obtained from voltage.
Approach
Solution
Note
*General Relation between E→ and V
Breakdown Voltage
17–3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces
17–4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
Exercise B
17–5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
Example 17–4 Potential due to a positive or a negative charge.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 17–5 Work required to bring two positive charges close together.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Example 17–6 Potential above two charges.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 17–7 Potential energies.
Response
Exercise D
*17–6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment
17–7 Capacitance
Exercise E
Example 17–8 Capacitor calculations.
Approach
Solution
Note
*Derivation of Capacitance for Parallel-Plate Capacitor
17–8 Dielectrics
Conceptual Example 17–9 Inserting a dielectric at constant V.
Response
Exercise F
Conceptual Example 17–10 Inserting a dielectric into an isolated capacitor.
Response
*Molecular Description of Dielectrics
17–9 Storage of Electric Energy
Example 17–11 Energy stored in a capacitor.
Approach
Solution
Exercise G
Conceptual Example 17–12 Capacitor plate separation increased.
Response
Note
Health Effects
17–10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage
*Noise
*17–11 TV and Computer Monitors: CRTs, Flat Screens
*CRT
*Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels
*Active Matrix (advanced)
*Oscilloscopes
*17–12 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
17–1 to 17–4 Electric Potential
17–5 Potential Due to Point Charges
*17–6 Electric Dipoles
17–7 Capacitance
17–8 Dielectrics
17–9 Electric Energy Storage
17–10 Digital
*17–11 TV and Computer Monitors
General Problems
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Chapter 18 Electric Currents
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
18–1 The Electric Battery
Electric Cells and Batteries
Electric Cars
18–2 Electric Current
Example 18–1 Current is flow of charge.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Conceptual Example 18–2 How to connect a battery.
Response
Exercise B
18–3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
Example 18–3 Flashlight bulb resistance.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Conceptual Example 18–4 Current and potential.
Response
Some Helpful Clarifications
18–4 Resistivity
Exercise D
Exercise E
Example 18–5 Speaker wires.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 18–6 Stretching changes resistance.
Response
Exercise F
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
Example 18–7 Resistance thermometer.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Exercise G
18–5 Electric Power
Example 18–8 Headlights.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 18–9 Electric heater.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 18–10 Estimate Lightning bolt.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise H
18–6 Power in Household Circuits
Example 18–11 Will a fuse blow?
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 18–12 A dangerous extension cord.
Response
Exercise I
18–7 Alternating Current
Example 18–13 Hair dryer.
Approach
Solution
*18–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current
Example 18–14 Electron speed in wire.
Approach
Solution
Note
*18–9 Superconductivity
*18–10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
18–2 and 18–3 Electric Current, Resistance, Ohm’s Law
18–4 Resistivity
18–5 and 18–6 Electric Power
18–7 Alternating Current
*18–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current
*18–10 Nerve Conduction
General Problems
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Chapter 19 DC Circuits
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
19–1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
Example 19–1 Battery with internal resistance.
Approach
Solution
19–2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
Exercise A
Conceptual Example 19–2 Series or parallel?
Response
Exercise B
Example 19–3 Series and parallel resistors.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 19–4 Circuit with series and parallel resistors.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 19–5 Current in one branch.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 19–6 Bulb brightness in a circuit.
Response
Exercise C
Example 19–7 Analyzing a circuit.
Approach
Solution
19–3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
Kirchhoff’s Rules
Example 19–8 Using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Approach and Solution
Note
Exercise D
19–4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery
Example 19–9 Jump starting a car.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Safety when Jump Starting
19–5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
Example 19–10 Equivalent capacitance.
Approach
Solution
Exercise F
Example 19–11 Charge and voltage on capacitors.
Approach
Solution
19–6 RC Circuits—Resistor and Capacitor in Series
Capacitor Charging
Example 19–12 RC circuit, with emf.
Approach
Solution
Capacitor Discharging
Example 19–13 A discharging RC circuit.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 19–14 Bulb in RC circuit.
Response
Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits
Exercise G
19–7 Electric Hazards
Safe Wiring
19–8 Ammeters and Voltmeters—Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured
Example 19–15 Ammeter design.
Approach
Solution
Example 19–16 Voltmeter design.
Approach
Solution
How to Connect Meters
Effects of Meter Resistance
Example 19–17 Voltage reading vs. true voltage.
Approach
Solution
Note
Other Meters
Digital Meters
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
19–1 Emf and Terminal Voltage
19–2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
19–3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
19–4 Emfs Combined, Battery Charging
19–5 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19–6 RC Circuits
19–8 Ammeters and Voltmeters
General Problems
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Chapter 20 Magnetism
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
20–1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Exercise A
Uniform Magnetic Field
20–2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
Exercise B
20–3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B→
Exercise C
Example 20–1 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Example 20–2 Measuring a magnetic field.
Approach
Solution
Note
20–4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
Conceptual Example 20–3 Negative charge near a magnet.
Response
Exercise E
Example 20–4 Magnetic force on a proton.
Approach
Solution
Exercise F
Example 20–5 Estimate Magnetic force on ions during a nerve pulse.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 20–6 Electron’s path in a uniform magnetic field.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 20–7 Stopping charged particles.
Response
Magnetic Fields
Conceptual Example 20–8 A helical path.
Response
Exercise G
* Aurora Borealis
*The Hall Effect
20–5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire
Example 20–9 Calculation of B→ near a wire.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Example 20–10 Magnetic field midway between two currents.
Approach
Solution
Exercise H
Conceptual Example 20–11 Magnetic field due to four wires.
Response
20–6 Force between Two Parallel Wires
Example 20–12 Force between two current-carrying wires.
Approach
Solution
Definition of the Ampere and the Coulomb
20–7 Solenoids and Electromagnets
Magnetic Circuit Breakers
20–8 Ampère’s Law
Field Due to a Straight Wire
Field Inside a Solenoid
20–9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment
Example 20–13 Torque on a coil.
Approach
Solution
Note
20–10 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers
Galvanometer
Electric Motors
Loudspeakers and Headsets
*20–11 Mass Spectrometer
Example 20–14 Mass spectrometry.
Approach
Solution
Note
20–12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis
*Sources of Ferromagnetism
*Magnetic Permeability
*Hysteresis
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
20–3 Force on Electric Current in Magnetic Field
20–4 Force on Charge Moving in Magnetic Field
20–5 and 20–6 Magnetic Field of Straight Wire, Force between Two Wires
20–7 Solenoids and Electromagnets
20–8 Ampère’s Law
20–9 and 20–10 Torque on Current Loop, Motors, Galvanometers
*20–11 Mass Spectrometer
*20–12 Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis
General Problems
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Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
21–1 Induced EMF
Exercise A
21–2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law
Example 21–1 A loop of wire in a magnetic field.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 21–2 Induction stove.
Response
Lenz’s Law
Conceptual Example 21–203 Practice with Lenz’s law.
Response
Example 21–4 Pulling a coil from a magnetic field.
Approach
Solution
Alternate Solution
Exercise B
21–3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
Exercise C
Example 21–5 Estimate Does a moving airplane develop a large emf?
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 21–6 Electromagnetic blood-flow measurement.
Approach
Solution
Note
21–4 Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field
21–5 Electric Generators
*Alternators
Deriving the Generator Equation
Example 21–7 An ac generator.
Approach
Solution
21–6 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents
Back EMF, in a Motor
Example 21–8 Back emf in a motor.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 21–9 Motor overload.
Response
Counter Torque, in a Generator
Exercise D
Eddy Currents
21–7 Transformers and Transmission of Power
Example 21–10 Cell phone charger.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Example 21–11 Transmission lines.
Approach
Solution
Note
Wireless Transmission of Power—Inductive Charging
*21-8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM
*Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks
*Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash
*21–9 Applications of Induction: Microphone; Seismograph; GFCI
*Microphone
*Credit Card Reader
*Seismograph
*Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
*21–10 Inductance
*Mutual Inductance
*Self-Inductance
Conceptual Example 21–12 Direction of emf in inductor.
Response
Example 21–13 Solenoid inductance.
Approach
Solution
*21–11 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
*21–12 LR Circuit
*21–13 AC Circuits and Reactance
*Resistor
*Inductor
*Capacitor
Example 21–14 Capacitor reactance.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise F
*21–14 LRC Series AC Circuit
*Phasor Diagrams
Example 21–15 LRC circuit.
Approach
Solution
Note
*21–15 Resonance in AC Circuits
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
21–1 to 21–4 Faraday’s Law of Induction
21–5 Generators
21–6 Back EMF and Torque
21–7 Transformers
*21–10 Inductance
*21–11 Magnetic Energy Storage
*21–12 LR Circuit
*21–13 AC Circuits and Reactance
*21–14 LRC Circuits
*21–15 Resonance in AC Circuits
General Problems
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Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
22–1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s Equations
*Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law Extended)
22–2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Exercise A
22–3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Exercise B
Example 22–1 Wavelengths of EM waves.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
Example 22–2 Estimate Cell phone antenna.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
Example 22–3 Estimate Phone call time lag.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Exercise F
22–4 Measuring the Speed of Light
22–5 Energy in EM Waves
Example 22–4 E and B from the Sun.
Approach
Solution
Note
22–6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure
Example 22–5 Estimate Solar pressure.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 22–6 Estimate A solar sail.
Approach
Solution
Note
22–7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication
Example 22–7 Tuning a station.
Approach
Solution
Note
Other EM Wave Communications
Wireless from the Moon
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
22–1 B→ Produced by Changing E→
22–2 EM Waves
22–3 Electromagnetic Spectrum
22–4 Measuring the Speed of Light
22–5 Energy in EM Wave
22–6 Radiation Pressure
22–7 Radio, TV
General Problems
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Chapter 23 Light: Geometric Optics
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
23–1 The Ray Model of Light
23–2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror
Example 23–1 Reflection from flat mirrors.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 23–2 How tall must a full-length mirror be?
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
Exercise B
Conceptual Example 23–3 Is the photo upside down?
Response
23–3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors
Focal Point and Focal Length
Image Formation—Ray Diagrams
Mirror Equation and Magnification
Concave Mirror Examples
Example 23–4 Image in a concave mirror.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 23–5 Reversible rays.
Response
Example 23–6 Object closer to concave mirror than focal point.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself
Convex Mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
Example 23–7 Convex rearview mirror.
Approach
Solution
23–4 Index of Refraction
23–5 Refraction: Snell’s Law
Snell’s Law
Exercise C
Example 23–8 Refraction through flat glass.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 23–9 Apparent depth of a pool.
Approach
Solution
Note
23–6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics
Conceptual Example 23–10 View up from under water.
Response
Exercise D
Exercise E
Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments
23–7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing
Exercise F
Conceptual Example 23–11 Half-blocked lens.
Response
Note
Seeing the Image
Diverging Lens
23–8 The Thin Lens Equation
Thin Lenses
Example 23–12 Image formed by converging lens.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise G
Example 23–13 Object close to converging lens.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 23–14 Diverging lens.
Approach
Solution
*23–9 Combinations of Lenses
Example 23–15 A two-lens system.
Approach
Solution
Example 23–16 Measuring f for a diverging lens.
Approach
Solution
Note
*23–10 Lensmaker’s Equation
Example 23–17 Calculating f for a converging lens.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
23–2 Reflection; Plane Mirrors
23–3 Spherical Mirrors
23–4 Index of Refraction
23–5 Refraction; Snell’s Law
23–6 Total Internal Reflection
23–7 and 23–8 Thin Lenses
*23–9 Lens Combinations
*23–10 Lensmaker’s Equation
General Problems
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Chapter 24 The Wave Nature of Light
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
24–1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction
*24–2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction
Exercise A
24–3 Interference—Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Example 24–1 Line spacing for double-slit interference.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 24–2 Changing the wavelength.
Response
Example 24–3 Wavelengths from double-slit interference.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
Coherence
24–4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion
Conceptual Example 24–4 Observed color of light under water.
Response
24–5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk
Example 24–5 Single-slit diffraction maximum.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Conceptual Example 24–6 Diffraction spreads.
Response
24–6 Diffraction Grating
Example 24–7 Diffraction grating: line positions.
Approach
Solution
Example 24–8 Spectra overlap.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
24–7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
Example 24–9 Hydrogen spectrum.
Approach
Solution
Note
24–8 Interference in Thin Films
Exercise E
Example 24–10 Thin film of air, wedge-shaped.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 24–11 Thickness of soap bubble skin.
Approach
Solution
Note
*Colors in a Thin Soap Film
Lens Coatings
Interference
Example 24–12 Nonreflective coating.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
*24–9 Michelson Interferometer
24–10 Polarization
Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption)
Example 24–13 Two Polaroids at 60°.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 24–14 Three Polaroids.
Response
Note
Exercise F
Polarization by Reflection
Example 24–15 Polarizing angle.
Approach
Solution
Note
*24–11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
*24–12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
24–3 Double-Slit Interference
24–4 Visible Spectrum; Dispersion
24–5 Single-Slit Diffraction
24–5 and 24–7 Diffraction Gratings
24–8 Thin-Film Interference
*24–9 Michelson Interferometer
24–10 Polarization
General Problems
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Chapter 25 Optical Instruments
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
25–1 Cameras: Film and Digital
Digital Cameras, Electronic Sensors (CCD, CMOS)
Digital Artifacts
Camera Adjustments
Example 25–1 Camera focus.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Conceptual Example 25–2 Shutter speed.
Response
*Picture Sharpness
Example 25–3 Pixels and resolution.
Approach
Solution
NOTE
Example 25–4 Blown-up photograph.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
Telephotos and Wide-angles
25–2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses
Example 25–5 Farsighted eye.
Approach
Solution
NOTE
Example 25–6 Nearsighted eye.
Approach
Solution
Contact Lenses
Exercise C
Underwater Vision
25–3 Magnifying Glass
Example 1–7 Estimate A jeweler’s “loupe.”
Approach
Solution
25–4 Telescopes
Example 25–8 Telescope magnification.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
25–5 Compound Microscope
Example 25–9 Microscope.
Approach
Solution
25–6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
25–7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures
Example 25–10 Hubble Space Telescope.
Approach
Solution
Example 25–11 Estimate Eye resolution.
Approach
Solution
Exercise E
25–8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit
Example 25–12 Telescope resolution (radio wave vs. visible light).
Approach
Solution
NOTE
25–9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification
Exercise F
*25–10 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast
25–11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
*X-Ray Diffraction
Exercise G
*25–12 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
* Normal X-Ray Image
* Tomography Images (CT)
* Image Formation
* Tomographic Image Reconstruction
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
25–1 Camera
25–2 Eye and Corrective Lenses
25–3 Magnifying Glass
25–4 Telescopes
25–5 Microscopes
25–6 Lens Aberrations
25–7 to 25–9 Resolution Limits
*25–11 X-Ray Diffraction
*25–12 Imaging by Tomography
General Problems
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Chapter 26 The Special Theory of Relativity
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
26–1 Galilean–Newtonian Relativity
26–2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
26–3 Simultaneity
26–4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
Example 26–1 Lifetime of a moving muon.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
Example 26–2 Time dilation at 100 km/h.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise B
Example 26–3 Reading a magazine on a spaceship.
Approach
Solution
Space Travel?
Twin Paradox
*Global Positioning System (GPS)
Conceptual Example 26–4 A relativity correction to GPS.
Response
Note
26–5 Length Contraction
Example 26–5 Painting’s contraction.
Approach
Solution
Example 26–6 A fantasy supertrain.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Exercise C
Conceptual Example 26–7 Resolving the train and tunnel length.
Response
26–6 Four-Dimensional Space–Time
26–7 Relativistic Momentum
Example 26–8 Momentum of moving electron.
Approach
Solution
* Rest Mass and Relativistic Mass
26–8 The Ultimate Speed
26–9 E = mc2; Mass and Energy
Example 26–9 Pion’s kinetic energy.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 26–10 Energy from nuclear decay.
Approach
Solution
Example 26–11 A 1-TeV proton.
Approach
Solution
* Invariant Energy–Momentum
When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas?
Exercise D
26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
Example 26–12 Relative velocity, relativistically.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise E
Exercise F
26–11 The Impact of Special Relativity
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
26–4 and 26–5 Time Dilation, Length Contraction
26–7 Relativistic Momentum
26–9 E = mc2; Mass and Energy
26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 27 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
27–1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron
Discovery in Science
Electron Charge Measurement
27–2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
Blackbody Radiation
Example 27–1 The Sun’s surface temperature.
Approach
Solution
Example 27–2 Star color.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
27–3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
Example 27–3 Photon energy.
Approach
Solution
Example 27–4 Estimate Photons from a lightbulb.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
Example 27–5 Photoelectron speed and energy.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Applications of the Photoelectric Effect
27–4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon
Example 27–6 Estimate Photon momentum and force.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 27–7 Photosynthesis.
Approach
Solution
*27–5 Compton Effect
Exercise D
Example 27–8 X-ray scattering.
Approach
Solution
Note
27–6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production
Example 27–9 Pair production.
Approach
Solution
Note
27–7 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity
27–8 Wave Nature of Matter
Example 27–10 Wavelength of a ball.
Approach
Solution
Example 27–11 Wavelength of an electron.
Approach
Solution
Exercise E
Exercise F
Electron Diffraction
Example 27–12 Electron diffraction.
Solution
Note
What Is an Electron?
27–9 Electron Microscopes
27–10 Early Models of the Atom
27–11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom
27–12 The Bohr Model
Spectra Lines Explained
Example 27–13 Wavelength of a Lyman line.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 27–14 Wavelength of a Balmer line.
Approach
Solution
Example 27–15 Absorption wavelength.
Approach
Solution
Example 27–16 He+ ionization energy.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 27–17 Hydrogen at 20°C.
Response
Correspondence Principle
27–13 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
27–1 Discovery of the Electron
27–2 Blackbodies; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
27–3 and 27–4 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect
*27–5 Compton Effect
27–6 Pair Production
27–8 Wave Nature of Matter
27–9 Electron Microscope
27–11 and 27–12 Spectra and the Bohr Model
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 28 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
28–1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory
28–2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment
Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons
28–3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Exercise A
Example 28–1 Position uncertainty of electron.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise B
Example 28–2 Position uncertainty of a baseball.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 28–3 Estimate J/ψ lifetime calculated.
Approach
Solution
28–4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism
28–5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
28–6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers
Conceptual Example 28–4 Possible states for n = 3.
Response
Exercise C
Example 28–5 E and L for n = 3.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise D
Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions
28–7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle
Exercise E
28–8 The Periodic Table of Elements
Conceptual Example 28–6 Electron configurations.
Response
Exercise F
*28–9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
Example 28–7 X-ray wavelength.
Approach
Solution
Example 28–8 Determining atomic number.
Approach
Solution
Example 28–9 Cutoff wavelength.
Approach
Solution
Note
*28–10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
28–11 Lasers
Creating an Inverted Population
*Applications
*28–12 Holography
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
28–2 Wave Function, Double-Slit
28–3 Uncertainty Principle
28–6 to 28–8 Quantum Numbers, Exclusion Principle
*28–9 X-Rays
28–11 Lasers
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 29 Molecules and Solids
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
*29–1 Bonding in Molecules
* Covalent Bonds
* Ionic Bonds
* Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
*29–2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
*29–3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds
Example 29–1 Nucleotide energy.
Approach
Solution
* Protein Synthesis
*29–4 Molecular Spectra
* Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules
Exercise A
Example 29–2 Rotational transition.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
*Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules
Example 29–3 Vibrational energy levels in hydrogen.
Approach
Solution
Exercise C
*29–5 Bonding in Solids
Exercise D
*29–6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy
*29–7 Band Theory of Solids
Example 29–4 Calculating the energy gap.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 29–5 Which is transparent?
Response
*29–8 Semiconductors and Doping
Exercise E
*29–9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs
Example 29–6 A diode.
Approach
Solution
* Rectifiers
* Photovoltaic Cells
*LEDs
* Pulse Oximeter
*pn Diode Lasers
* PLED (Organic LED)
* OLED Functioning (advanced)
*29–10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs
*29–11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology
* Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
*29–1 to 29–3 Molecular Bonds
*29–4 Molecular Spectra
*29–5 Bonding in Solids
*29–7 Band Theory of Solids
*29–8 Semiconductors and Doping
*29–9 Diodes
*29–10 Transistors
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
30–1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
Example 30–1 Estimate Nuclear sizes.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 30–2 Estimate Nuclear and atomic densities.
Approach
Solution
30–2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
Binding Energies
Example 30–3 H24e mass compared to its constituents.
Approach
Solution
Exercise A
Example 30–4 Binding energy for iron.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise B
Example 30–5 Binding energy of last neutron.
Approach
Solution
Nuclear Forces
30–3 Radioactivity
30–4 Alpha Decay
Exercise C
Example 30–6 Uranium decay energy release.
Approach
Solution
Additional Example
Example 30–7 Kinetic energy of the α in U92232 decay.
Approach
Solution
Why α Particles?
Smoke Detectors—An Application
30–5 Beta Decay
β− Decay
Example 30–8 Energy release in C614 decay.
Approach
Solution
Note
β+ Decay
Electron Capture
30–6 Gamma Decay
* Isomers; Internal Conversion
30–7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
30–8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay
Exponential Decay
Half-Life
Exercise D
Exercise E
* Deriving the Half-Life Formula
*Mean Life
30–9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life
Example 30–9 Sample activity.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 30–10 Safety: Activity versus half-life.
Response
Example 30–11 A sample of radioactive N713.
Approach
Solution
30–10 Decay Series
Conceptual Example 30–12 Decay chain.
Response
30–11 Radioactive Dating
Example 30–13 An ancient animal.
Approach
Solution
Geological Time Scale Dating
*30–12 Stability and Tunneling
30–13 Detection of Particles
Counters
Visualization
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
30–1 Nuclear Properties
30–2 Binding Energy
30–3 to 30–7 Radioactive Decay
30–8 to 30–11 Half-Life, Decay Rates, Decay Series, Dating
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 31 Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
Contents
Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now!
31–1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements
Conceptual Example 31–1 Deuterium reaction.
Response
Exercise A
Example 31–2 A slow-neutron reaction.
Approach
Solution
Example 31–3 Will the reaction “go”?
Approach
Solution
Note
Neutron Physics
* Cross Section
31–2 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions
Conceptual Example 31–4 Counting nucleons.
Response
Exercise B
Nuclear Reactors
Example 31–5 Uranium fuel amount.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise C
Atom Bomb
31–3 Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion; Stars
Example 31–6 Fusion energy release.
Approach
Solution
Exercise D
Example 31–7 Estimate Estimating fusion energy.
Approach
Solution
Conceptual Example 31–8 Stellar fusion.
Response
Exercise E
Possible Fusion Reactors
Example 31–9 Estimate Temperature needed for d-t fusion.
Approach
Solution
Note
31–4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage
Biological Damage
31–5 Measurement of Radiation—Dosimetry
Example 31–10 Radioactivity taken up by cells.
Approach
Solution
Human Exposure to Radiation
Conceptual Example 31–11 Limiting the dose.
Response
Example 31–12 Whole-body dose.
Approach
Solution
Note
Example 31–13 Radon exposure.
Approach
Solution
Note
*31–6 Radiation Therapy
*31–7 Tracers in Research and Medicine
*31–8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT
31–9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
* Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
31–1 Nuclear Reactions, Transmutation
31–2 Nuclear Fission
31–3 Nuclear Fusion
31–5 Dosimetry
31–9 NMR
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 32 Elementary Particles
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
32–1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators
Wavelength and Resolution
Example 32–1 High resolution with electrons.
Approach
Solution
Note
Exercise A
Cyclotron
Example 32–2 Cyclotron.
Approach
Solution
Note
Note
Synchrotron
Linear Accelerators
Colliding Beams
Example 32–3 Protons at relativistic speeds.
Approach
Solution
Note
32–2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange
Exercise B
32–3 Particles and Antiparticles
* Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State
32–4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
Conceptual Example 32–4 Lepton number in muon decay.
Response
Example 32–5 Energy and momentum are conserved.
Approach
Solution
32–5 Neutrinos
*Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova
32–6 Particle Classification
Example 32–6 Baryon decay.
Approach
Solution
32–7 Particle Stability and Resonances
32–8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model
Conceptual Example 32–7 Guess the missing particle.
Response
32–9 Quarks
Exercise C
Conceptual Example 32–8 Quark combinations.
Response
Exercise D
32–10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory
Conceptual Example 32–9 Beta decay.
Response
Example 32–10 Estimate Range of weak force.
Approach
Solution
Note
32–11 Grand Unified Theories
Conceptual Example 32–11 Symmetry.
Response
Proton Decay
Example 32–12 Estimate Proton decay.
Approach
Solution
*GUT and Cosmology
32–12 Strings and Supersymmetry
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
32–1 Particles and Accelerators
32–2 to 32–6 Particle Interactions, Particle Exchange
32–7 to 32–11 Resonances, Standard Model, Quarks, QCD, GUT
General Problems
Search and Learn
Chapter 33 Astrophysics and Cosmology
Contents
Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now!
33–1 Stars and Galaxies
Example 33–1 Estimate Our Galaxy’s mass.
Approach
Solution
Note
Conceptual Example 33–2 Looking back in time.
Response
Exercise A
33–2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis
Luminosity and Brightness of Stars
Example 33–3 Apparent brightness.
Approach
Solution
Example 33–4 Determining star temperature and star size.
Approach
Solution
H-R Diagram
Example 33–5 Estimate Distance to a star using the H-R diagram and color.
Approach
Solution
Exercise B
Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis
Low Mass Stars—White Dwarfs
High Mass Stars—Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes
Novae and Supernovae
33–3 Distance Measurements
Parallax
Example 33–6 Estimate Distance to a star using parallax.
Approach
Solution
*Parsec
Distant Stars and Galaxies
Distance via SNIa, Redshift
33–4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space
Curvature of the Universe
Black Holes
Exercise C
Exercise D
33–5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law
Redshift Origins
*Scale Factor (advanced)
Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle
*Steady-State Model
33–6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background
Looking Back toward the Big Bang—Lookback Time
The Observable Universe
33–7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe
The History
33–8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure
Flatness
CMB Uniformity
Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles
33–9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Critical Density
Exercise E
Dark Matter
Dark Energy—Cosmic Acceleration
33–10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
33–11 Finally…
Summary
Questions
MisConceptual Questions
Problems
33–1 to 33–3 Stars, Galaxies, Stellar Evolution, Distances
33–4 General Relativity, Gravity and Curved Space
33–5 Redshift, Hubble’s Law
33–6 to 33–8 The Big Bang, CMB, Universe Expansion
33–9 Dark Matter, Dark Energy
General Problems
Search and Learn
Appendix A Mathematical Review
A–1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations
A–2 Exponents
A–3 Powers of 10, or Exponential Notation
A–4 Algebra
A–5 The Binomial Expansion
A–6 Plane Geometry
A–7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities
A-8 Logarithms
Appendix B Selected Isotopes
Appendix C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect
Inertial and Noninertial Reference Frames
Appendix D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy
Molar Specific Heats for Gases
Appendix E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations
Example E–1 Length contraction.
Example E–2 Time dilation.
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
Index
Photo Credits
Fundamental Constants
Other Useful Data
The Greek Alphabet
Values of Some Numbers
Mathematical Signs and Symbols
Properties of Water
Unit Conversions (Equivalents)
SI Derived Units and Their Abbreviations
Metric (SI) Multipliers
Useful Geometry Formulas – Areas, Volumes
Exponents [See Appendix A-2 for details]
Quadratic Formula [Appendix A-4]
Logarithms [Appendix A-8; Table p. A-11]
Binomial Expansion [Appendix A-5]
Fractions
Trigonometric Formulas [Appendix A-7]

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