Introduction to Sociology Seagull 12th Edition by Anthony Giddens, ISBN-13: 978-0393538021
[PDF eBook eTextbook]
- Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company; Seagull Twelfth edition (July 1, 2021)
- Language: English
- 984 pages
- ISBN-10: 0393538028
- ISBN-13: 978-0393538021
Everything students need to understand and navigate our changing social world.
Table of Contents:
PREFACE xvi
Part I: The Study of Sociology 1
1 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 3
Basic Concepts 7
Social Construction 7 • Social Order 8 • Agency and Structure 10 • Social Change 11
The Development of Sociological Thinking 12
Theories and Theoretical Approaches 12 • Neglected Founders 15 • Understanding the
Modern World: The Sociological Debate 18
Modern Theoretical Approaches 19
Symbolic Interactionism 19 • Functionalism 20 • Conflict Theories 21 • Rational Choice
Theory 23 • Postmodern Theory 23 • Theoretical Thinking in Sociology 24
How Can Sociology Help Us? 26
2 ASKING AND ANSWERING SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS 31
Basic Concepts 33
The Research Process 34
Asking and Answering Sociological Questions: Historical Context 37
Asking and Answering Sociological Questions Today: Research Methods 38
Ethnography 38 • Surveys 40 • Experiments 43 • Comparative Historical Research 46
Unanswered Questions 50
Can Sociology Identify Causes and Effects? 50 • How Can Social Research Avoid
Exploitation? 50 • Can We Really Study Human Social Life in a Scientific Way? 50
Part II: The Individual and Society 55
3 CULTURE AND SOCIETY 57
Basic Concepts 60
Cultural Universals 61 • Nonmaterial Culture 62 • Material Culture 66
The Sociological Study of Culture 66
Culture and Change: A “Cultural Turn” in Sociology? 67 • Early Human Culture: Greater
Adaptation to Physical Environment 68 • Industrial Societies 72
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World 74
The Global South 75 • Contemporary Industrial Societies: Cultural Conformity or Diversity?
77
Unanswered Questions 84
Does Nature or Nurture More Powerfully Influence Human Behavior? 84 • Does the
Internet Promote a Global Culture? 87 • Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local
Cultures? 89 • How Easily Do Cultures Change? 90
4 SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE 97
Basic Concepts 100
Agents of Socialization 100 • Social Roles 107 • Identity 108 • Socialization through the
Life Course 110
Theories of Socialization 114
G. H. Mead and the Development of Self 115 • Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-
Glass Self 115 • Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development 116 • Sigmund
Freud’s Theory of Gender Identity 118 • Nancy Chodorow’s Theory of Gender Identity 118
• Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development 120
Research on Socialization Today: Race Socialization 120
Race Socialization 121
Unanswered Questions 124
Are Gender Differences Caused by Social Influences? 124 • How Do Children Learn to
Bully? Can They Unlearn? 127
5 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET 133
Basic Concepts 135
Impression Management: The World as a Stage 135 • Audience Segregation 138 • Civil
Inattention 139 • Nonverbal Communication 139 • Response Cries 142 • Focused and
Unfocused Interaction 143 • Interaction in Time and Space 144
Theories of Social Interaction 146
Erving Goffman 146 • Edward T. Hall—Personal Space 147 • Harold Garfinkel:
Ethnomethodology 148
Contemporary Research on Social Interaction 150
Interactional Vandalism 150 • Interaction on the “Digital Street” 154 • The Macro-Micro
Link: Anderson’s Streetwise154
Unanswered Questions 157
How Do We Manage Impressions in the Internet Age? 157 • What Happens When Dating
Moves Online? 158 • To What Extent Can Electronic Communication Substitute for Face-to-
Face Communication? 160
6 NETWORKS, GROUPS, AND ORGANIZATIONS 165
Basic Concepts 168
Networks 168 • Groups 169 • Conformity 171 • Organizations 173
Theories of Networks, Groups, and Organizations 175
In-Groups and Out-Groups 175 • Reference Groups 175 • The Effects of Size 176 •
Theories of Organizations 178
Contemporary Research on Groups 184
The “McDonaldization” of Society? 184 • Personal Taste 185 • Obesity 186
Unanswered Questions 188
Is Democracy Meaningless in the Face of Increasingly Powerful Bureaucratic
Organizations? 188 • How Are Late-Modern Organizations Reinventing Themselves? 189 •
Can the Traditional Organization Survive? 192
7 CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND CRIME 197
Basic Concepts 199
What Is Deviance? 200 • Norms and Sanctions 201
Society and Crime: Sociological Theories 202
Functionalist Theories 202 • Interactionist Theories 205 • Conflict Theory 207 • Control
Theory 208 • Theoretical Conclusions 211
Research on Crime and Deviance Today 212
Race and the Criminal Justice System 212 • Mass Incarceration 213 • The Death Penalty
214 • Security and Terrorism 216 • Reporting on Crime and Crime Statistics 217 • Victims
and Perpetrators of Crime 219
Unanswered Questions 226
Why Have Crime Rates Gone Down? 226 • Can We Reduce Crime through New Policing
Techniques? 227 • Will New Surveillance Technologies Eliminate Deviance? 229 • Can We
Prevent Crime by Building Stronger Communities? 231
Part III: Structures of Power 237
8 STRATIFICATION, CLASS, AND INEQUALITY 239
Basic Concepts 242
Systems of Stratification 242
Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies 250
Marx: Capitalism and the Analysis of Class 250 • Weber: Class and Status 251 • Davis and
Moore: The Functions of Stratification 252 • Erik Olin Wright: Contradictory Class
Locations 253
Research On Social Stratification Today 255
A Contemporary Portrait of the U.S. Class Structure 255 • Social Mobility: Moving Up and
Down the Ladder 260 • Poverty in the United States 265
Unanswered Questions 273
Is Inequality Declining or Increasing in the United States? 273 • Why Are Poverty Rates
Rising in the United States? The Sociological Debate 276 • What Can Be Done to Combat
Poverty? 278 • How Will These Economic Patterns Affect Your Life? 280
9 GLOBAL INEQUALITY 285
Basic Concepts 289
High-Income Countries 289 • Middle-Income Countries 292 • Low-Income Countries 292 •
Is Global Economic Well-Being Improving? 293 • Going Beyond Purely Economic Measures
of Global Well-Being 293
Theories Of Global Inequality 296
Neoliberal Theories 296 • Dependency Theories 297 • World-Systems Theory 300 • The
Theory of Global Capitalism 302 • Evaluating Theories of Global Inequality 303
Research On Global Inequality Today 305
Health 306 • Hunger and Malnutrition 308 • Education and Literacy 312
Unanswered Questions 312
What Are the Causes of Inequality in the World Today? 312 • Is Global Poverty Increasing
or Decreasing? 313 • What about Inequality within Countries? 315 • What Does Rapid
Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality? 317
10 GENDER INEQUALITY 323
Basic Concepts 328
Understanding Sex Differences: The Role of Biology 329 • Gender Socialization: How
Gender Differences Are Learned 331 • The Social Construction of Gender: How We Learn
to “Do Gender” 334 • Social Construction of Gender in Other Cultures 335
Sociological Theories of Gender Inequalities 338
Functionalist Approaches 338 • Feminist Theories 340
Research on Gender Today: Documenting and Understanding Gender Inequalities
345
Gendered Inequalities in Education: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom 346 • Gendered
Inequalities in the Workplace 349 • Gendered Inequalities in Families: Division of
Household Labor 358 • Gender Inequality in Politics 360
Unanswered Questions: Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist? 362
The Gender Pay Gap: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? 362 • How Does Gender
Inequality Affect Men? 365 • Why Are Women So Often the Targets of Violence? 367
11 RACE, ETHNICITY, AND RACISM 375
Basic Concepts 378
Race 378 • Ethnicity 379
Thinking About Racism 381
Defining Racism 381 • Racism in the United States Today 382
Race and Racism in Historical and Comparative Perspective 389
The Rise of Racism 391 • Blacks in the United States 392 • Hispanics and Latinos in the
United States 394 • Asian Americans 397 • Models of Ethnic Integration 397 • Global
Migration 398
Unanswered Questions 402
Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy? 402 • Has Real Progress Been
Made Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s? 404 • How Can Ethnic Conflict Be
Reduced? 411
12 AGING 417
Basic Concepts 420
The Graying of Society 420 • How Do People Age? 422
Growing Old: Theories of Aging 426
The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism 426 • The Second Generation of Theories:
Social Conflict 428 • The Third Generation of Theories: Life Course 429
Research on Aging in the United States Today 431
Who Are America’s Older Adults? 431 • Poverty 432 • Social Isolation 435 • Prejudice 437
• Elder Abuse 439 • Health Problems 440 • Lifelong Learning 442
Unanswered Questions: The Political and Economic Impact of Population Aging
443
Do Older Americans Get an Unfair Amount of Government Support? 443 • Can Medicare
and Social Security Survive the “Graying” of America? 444 • How Will Nations of the World
Cope with Global Aging? 446
13 GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL POWER, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 453
Basic Concepts 455
Democracy 455 • The Concept of the State 457
Who Rules? Theories of Democracy 462
Democratic Elitism 462 • Pluralist Theories 463 • The Power Elite 464
Recent Research on U.S. Politics and Social Movements 468
Democracy in the United States 468 • The Political Participation of Women 475 • Political
Participation in the United States 478 • Political and Social Change through Social
Movements 479 • The Nation-State, National Identity, and Globalization 494
Unanswered Questions 495
Why Is Voter Turnout So Low in the United States? 495 • Did the Internet Shape the
Outcome of the 2016 Presidential Election? 497 • Is Democracy in Trouble? 499
Part IV: Social Institutions 505
14 WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE 507
Basic Concepts 510
Theories of Work and Economic Life 514
Types of Capitalism 514 • Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) 517 • Post-
Fordism 520 • The Informal Economy 525
Current Research on Work and Economic Life 528
Corporations and Corporate Power 528 • Workers and Their Challenges 535
Unanswered Questions 548
Will Automation Make Things Better or Worse for Workers? 549 • What Will the Economy
of the Future Look Like? 553 • How Permanent Is Your Job Likely to Be? 555
15 FAMILIES AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 561
Basic Concepts 565
Theoretical and Historical Perspectives on Families 567
Sociological Theories of Families 568 • Historical Perspectives on Families 574
Research on Families Today 575
Changes in Family Patterns Worldwide 576 • Dating and Courtship 577 • Family Formation
and Dissolution Trends in the Contemporary United States 579 • The Bleak Side of Families
601
Contemporary Questions 603
Is Cohabitation a Substitute for Marriage? 603 • Do Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents
Fare Differently than Children Raised by Opposite-Sex Parents? 606 • Are Single People
Less Happy than Married People? 608
16 EDUCATION 613
Basic Concepts 615
Achievement Gap: Components, Patterns, and Explanations 616 • Cognitive and
Noncognitive Resources 617
Sociological Theories of Education 618
Assimilation 618 • Credentialism 618 • Hidden Curriculum 619 • Pierre Bourdieu and
Cultural Capital 621
Research on Education Today 623
Macrosocial Influences on Student Outcomes: Do Schools and Neighborhoods Matter? 623
• Cultural and Social-Psychological Influences on Student Outcomes 629 • Public Policy
Influences on Student Outcomes 631 • Global Perspectives: Education and Literacy in the
Developing World 636 • The Impact of the Media and Educational Technology on Everyday
Life 637
Unanswered Questions 641
Is Intelligence Shaped by Genes or Environment? 641 • Is Homeschooling a Substitute for
Traditional Schooling? 644 • Who Benefits from “International Education”? 645
17 RELIGION IN MODERN SOCIETY 651
Basic Concepts 655
How Sociologists Think about Religion 656 • What Do Sociologists of Religion Study? 657 •
Types of Religious Organizations 658
Sociological Theories of Religion 661
The Classical View 661 • Contemporary Approaches: Religious Economy 664 •
Secularization: The Sociological Debate 666
The Sociology of Religion: Current Research 668
World Religions 669 • Religion in the United States 674 • New Religious Movements 678 •
Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status 683 • Gender and Religion 684 • The Global
Rise of Religious Nationalism 687
Unanswered Questions 694
Is America Experiencing Secularization or Religious Revival? 694 • How Resurgent Is
Evangelicalism? 695 • Is Religious Violence on the Rise? 697
Part V: Social Change in the Modern World 703
18 THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE BODY: HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND SEXUALITY 705
Basic Concepts 711
Changing Conceptions of Health, Illness, and Medicine 711 • Diverse Conceptions of
Human Sexuality 714
Theories and Historical Approaches to Understanding Health, Illness, and
Sexuality 717
Colonialism and the Spread of Disease 717 • Sociological Theories of Health and Illness
718 • History of Sexuality in Western Culture 724
Research on Health, Illness, and Sexuality Today 727
Social Patterning of Health and Illness in the United States 728 • Global Health
Inequalities 737 • Contemporary Research on Sexual Behavior Over the Life Course 740 •
Reproduction in the Twenty-First Century: Pushing the Limits of Technology 746
Unanswered Questions 748
Does Income Inequality Threaten Health? 749 • Is Alternative Medicine as Effective as
“Mainstream” Medicine? 750 • Are Eating Disorders Primarily a “Women’s” Problem? 753
• Is Sexual Orientation Inborn or Learned? 755
19 POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 761
Basic Concepts 763
Population Analysis: Demography 763 • Dynamics of Population Change 766
Urban Sociology: Some Influential Theories 770
The Chicago School 770 • Jane Jacobs: “Eyes and Ears Upon the Street” 773 • Urbanism
and the Created Environment 774 • Saskia Sassen: Global Cities 776
Population Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental Challenges: Recent Research
778
A Brief History of Urbanization 779 • Urbanization in the United States 781 • Explosive
Urbanization in the Global South 789 • The Environment: A Sociological Issue 790 •
Addressing Climate Change—What is Being Done? 802
Unanswered Questions 808
Will Global Population Growth Outstrip Resources? 808 • Sustainable Development, or
Adaptation to the Inevitable? 812
20 GLOBALIZATION IN A CHANGING WORLD 817
Basic Concepts 819
Social Change 820
Current Theories: Is Globalization Today Something New—Or Have We Seen It All
Before? 826
The Skeptics 826 • The Hyperglobalizers 827 • The Transformationalists 828 • Whose View
Is Most Nearly Correct? 829
Recent Research on Globalization and Social Change 830
Factors Contributing to Globalization 830 • The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives 836 •
Globalization and Risk 839 • Globalization and Inequality 842
Unanswered Questions 848
What Comes after Modern Industrial Society? 848 • Is There a Need for Global
Governance? 851
GLOSSARY A1
BIBLIOGRAPHY A20
CREDITS A76
INDEX A79
Anthony Giddens, the former director of the London School of Economics and a current member of the House of Lords, is a world-renowned social theorist who has written over forty books. He has written on just about every major topic in sociology, but is best known for his work on modernization theory and globalization.
Mitchell Duneier is an award-winning urban ethnographer at Princeton University and the City University of New York Graduate Center. He is most famous for his book Sidewalk, which won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Duneier’s research focuses on the urban poor and other groups at the margins of society. His latest book, Ghetto: The Invention of a Place, the History of an Idea, traces the changing meaning of the ghetto and was named one of the best books of 2016 by the New York Times.
Richard P. Appelbaum, Distinguished Research Professor and former MacArthur Chair, Global and International Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has won several awards for his teaching and works mainly on globalization and labor issues. Appelbaum is the coauthor of Behind the Label and coeditor of Critical Globalization Studies and Achieving Workers’ Rights in the Global Economy.
Deborah Carr is professor of sociology at Boston University. Her research interests include aging and the life course, psychosocial influences on health over the life course, and end-of-life issues. She teaches courses on research methods, medical sociology, aging and the life course, social psychology, social demography, sociology of the family, death and dying, and gender. Professor Carr is currently the editor in chief of Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences and also serves as chair of the Board of Overseers of the General Social Survey and co-investigator on the Midlife Development in the United States and Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. She also writes a monthly blog, “Bouncing Back,” for Psychology Today.
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