Introduction to Sociology Seagull 12th Edition by Anthony Giddens, ISBN-13: 978-0393538021

Introduction to Sociology Seagull 12th Edition by Anthony Giddens, ISBN-13: 978-0393538021

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ W. W. Norton & Company; Seagull Twelfth edition (July 1, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎984 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0393538028
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0393538021

Everything students need to understand and navigate our changing social world.

Table of Contents:

PREFACE xvi
Part I: The Study of Sociology 1
1 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 3
Basic Concepts 7
Social Construction 7 • Social Order 8 • Agency and Structure 10 • Social Change 11
The Development of Sociological Thinking 12
Theories and Theoretical Approaches 12 • Neglected Founders 15 • Understanding the
Modern World: The Sociological Debate 18
Modern Theoretical Approaches 19
Symbolic Interactionism 19 • Functionalism 20 • Conflict Theories 21 • Rational Choice
Theory 23 • Postmodern Theory 23 • Theoretical Thinking in Sociology 24
How Can Sociology Help Us? 26
2 ASKING AND ANSWERING SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS 31
Basic Concepts 33
The Research Process 34
Asking and Answering Sociological Questions: Historical Context 37
Asking and Answering Sociological Questions Today: Research Methods 38
Ethnography 38 • Surveys 40 • Experiments 43 • Comparative Historical Research 46
Unanswered Questions 50
Can Sociology Identify Causes and Effects? 50 • How Can Social Research Avoid
Exploitation? 50 • Can We Really Study Human Social Life in a Scientific Way? 50
Part II: The Individual and Society 55
3 CULTURE AND SOCIETY 57
Basic Concepts 60
Cultural Universals 61 • Nonmaterial Culture 62 • Material Culture 66
The Sociological Study of Culture 66
Culture and Change: A “Cultural Turn” in Sociology? 67 • Early Human Culture: Greater
Adaptation to Physical Environment 68 • Industrial Societies 72
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World 74
The Global South 75 • Contemporary Industrial Societies: Cultural Conformity or Diversity?
77
Unanswered Questions 84
Does Nature or Nurture More Powerfully Influence Human Behavior? 84 • Does the
Internet Promote a Global Culture? 87 • Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local
Cultures? 89 • How Easily Do Cultures Change? 90
4 SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE 97
Basic Concepts 100
Agents of Socialization 100 • Social Roles 107 • Identity 108 • Socialization through the
Life Course 110
Theories of Socialization 114
G. H. Mead and the Development of Self 115 • Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-
Glass Self 115 • Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development 116 • Sigmund
Freud’s Theory of Gender Identity 118 • Nancy Chodorow’s Theory of Gender Identity 118
• Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development 120
Research on Socialization Today: Race Socialization 120
Race Socialization 121
Unanswered Questions 124
Are Gender Differences Caused by Social Influences? 124 • How Do Children Learn to
Bully? Can They Unlearn? 127
5 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET 133
Basic Concepts 135
Impression Management: The World as a Stage 135 • Audience Segregation 138 • Civil
Inattention 139 • Nonverbal Communication 139 • Response Cries 142 • Focused and
Unfocused Interaction 143 • Interaction in Time and Space 144
Theories of Social Interaction 146
Erving Goffman 146 • Edward T. Hall—Personal Space 147 • Harold Garfinkel:
Ethnomethodology 148
Contemporary Research on Social Interaction 150
Interactional Vandalism 150 • Interaction on the “Digital Street” 154 • The Macro-Micro
Link: Anderson’s Streetwise154
Unanswered Questions 157
How Do We Manage Impressions in the Internet Age? 157 • What Happens When Dating
Moves Online? 158 • To What Extent Can Electronic Communication Substitute for Face-to-
Face Communication? 160
6 NETWORKS, GROUPS, AND ORGANIZATIONS 165
Basic Concepts 168
Networks 168 • Groups 169 • Conformity 171 • Organizations 173
Theories of Networks, Groups, and Organizations 175
In-Groups and Out-Groups 175 • Reference Groups 175 • The Effects of Size 176 •
Theories of Organizations 178
Contemporary Research on Groups 184
The “McDonaldization” of Society? 184 • Personal Taste 185 • Obesity 186
Unanswered Questions 188
Is Democracy Meaningless in the Face of Increasingly Powerful Bureaucratic
Organizations? 188 • How Are Late-Modern Organizations Reinventing Themselves? 189 •
Can the Traditional Organization Survive? 192
7 CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND CRIME 197
Basic Concepts 199
What Is Deviance? 200 • Norms and Sanctions 201
Society and Crime: Sociological Theories 202
Functionalist Theories 202 • Interactionist Theories 205 • Conflict Theory 207 • Control
Theory 208 • Theoretical Conclusions 211
Research on Crime and Deviance Today 212
Race and the Criminal Justice System 212 • Mass Incarceration 213 • The Death Penalty
214 • Security and Terrorism 216 • Reporting on Crime and Crime Statistics 217 • Victims
and Perpetrators of Crime 219
Unanswered Questions 226
Why Have Crime Rates Gone Down? 226 • Can We Reduce Crime through New Policing
Techniques? 227 • Will New Surveillance Technologies Eliminate Deviance? 229 • Can We
Prevent Crime by Building Stronger Communities? 231
Part III: Structures of Power 237
8 STRATIFICATION, CLASS, AND INEQUALITY 239
Basic Concepts 242
Systems of Stratification 242
Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies 250
Marx: Capitalism and the Analysis of Class 250 • Weber: Class and Status 251 • Davis and
Moore: The Functions of Stratification 252 • Erik Olin Wright: Contradictory Class
Locations 253
Research On Social Stratification Today 255
A Contemporary Portrait of the U.S. Class Structure 255 • Social Mobility: Moving Up and
Down the Ladder 260 • Poverty in the United States 265
Unanswered Questions 273
Is Inequality Declining or Increasing in the United States? 273 • Why Are Poverty Rates
Rising in the United States? The Sociological Debate 276 • What Can Be Done to Combat
Poverty? 278 • How Will These Economic Patterns Affect Your Life? 280
9 GLOBAL INEQUALITY 285
Basic Concepts 289
High-Income Countries 289 • Middle-Income Countries 292 • Low-Income Countries 292 •
Is Global Economic Well-Being Improving? 293 • Going Beyond Purely Economic Measures
of Global Well-Being 293
Theories Of Global Inequality 296
Neoliberal Theories 296 • Dependency Theories 297 • World-Systems Theory 300 • The
Theory of Global Capitalism 302 • Evaluating Theories of Global Inequality 303
Research On Global Inequality Today 305
Health 306 • Hunger and Malnutrition 308 • Education and Literacy 312
Unanswered Questions 312
What Are the Causes of Inequality in the World Today? 312 • Is Global Poverty Increasing
or Decreasing? 313 • What about Inequality within Countries? 315 • What Does Rapid
Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality? 317
10 GENDER INEQUALITY 323
Basic Concepts 328
Understanding Sex Differences: The Role of Biology 329 • Gender Socialization: How
Gender Differences Are Learned 331 • The Social Construction of Gender: How We Learn
to “Do Gender” 334 • Social Construction of Gender in Other Cultures 335
Sociological Theories of Gender Inequalities 338
Functionalist Approaches 338 • Feminist Theories 340
Research on Gender Today: Documenting and Understanding Gender Inequalities
345
Gendered Inequalities in Education: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom 346 • Gendered
Inequalities in the Workplace 349 • Gendered Inequalities in Families: Division of
Household Labor 358 • Gender Inequality in Politics 360
Unanswered Questions: Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist? 362
The Gender Pay Gap: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? 362 • How Does Gender
Inequality Affect Men? 365 • Why Are Women So Often the Targets of Violence? 367
11 RACE, ETHNICITY, AND RACISM 375
Basic Concepts 378
Race 378 • Ethnicity 379
Thinking About Racism 381
Defining Racism 381 • Racism in the United States Today 382
Race and Racism in Historical and Comparative Perspective 389
The Rise of Racism 391 • Blacks in the United States 392 • Hispanics and Latinos in the
United States 394 • Asian Americans 397 • Models of Ethnic Integration 397 • Global
Migration 398
Unanswered Questions 402
Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy? 402 • Has Real Progress Been
Made Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s? 404 • How Can Ethnic Conflict Be
Reduced? 411
12 AGING 417
Basic Concepts 420
The Graying of Society 420 • How Do People Age? 422
Growing Old: Theories of Aging 426
The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism 426 • The Second Generation of Theories:
Social Conflict 428 • The Third Generation of Theories: Life Course 429
Research on Aging in the United States Today 431
Who Are America’s Older Adults? 431 • Poverty 432 • Social Isolation 435 • Prejudice 437
• Elder Abuse 439 • Health Problems 440 • Lifelong Learning 442
Unanswered Questions: The Political and Economic Impact of Population Aging
443
Do Older Americans Get an Unfair Amount of Government Support? 443 • Can Medicare
and Social Security Survive the “Graying” of America? 444 • How Will Nations of the World
Cope with Global Aging? 446
13 GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL POWER, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 453
Basic Concepts 455
Democracy 455 • The Concept of the State 457
Who Rules? Theories of Democracy 462
Democratic Elitism 462 • Pluralist Theories 463 • The Power Elite 464
Recent Research on U.S. Politics and Social Movements 468
Democracy in the United States 468 • The Political Participation of Women 475 • Political
Participation in the United States 478 • Political and Social Change through Social
Movements 479 • The Nation-State, National Identity, and Globalization 494
Unanswered Questions 495
Why Is Voter Turnout So Low in the United States? 495 • Did the Internet Shape the
Outcome of the 2016 Presidential Election? 497 • Is Democracy in Trouble? 499
Part IV: Social Institutions 505
14 WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE 507
Basic Concepts 510
Theories of Work and Economic Life 514
Types of Capitalism 514 • Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) 517 • Post-
Fordism 520 • The Informal Economy 525
Current Research on Work and Economic Life 528
Corporations and Corporate Power 528 • Workers and Their Challenges 535
Unanswered Questions 548
Will Automation Make Things Better or Worse for Workers? 549 • What Will the Economy
of the Future Look Like? 553 • How Permanent Is Your Job Likely to Be? 555
15 FAMILIES AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 561
Basic Concepts 565
Theoretical and Historical Perspectives on Families 567
Sociological Theories of Families 568 • Historical Perspectives on Families 574
Research on Families Today 575
Changes in Family Patterns Worldwide 576 • Dating and Courtship 577 • Family Formation
and Dissolution Trends in the Contemporary United States 579 • The Bleak Side of Families
601
Contemporary Questions 603
Is Cohabitation a Substitute for Marriage? 603 • Do Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents
Fare Differently than Children Raised by Opposite-Sex Parents? 606 • Are Single People
Less Happy than Married People? 608
16 EDUCATION 613
Basic Concepts 615
Achievement Gap: Components, Patterns, and Explanations 616 • Cognitive and
Noncognitive Resources 617
Sociological Theories of Education 618
Assimilation 618 • Credentialism 618 • Hidden Curriculum 619 • Pierre Bourdieu and
Cultural Capital 621
Research on Education Today 623
Macrosocial Influences on Student Outcomes: Do Schools and Neighborhoods Matter? 623
• Cultural and Social-Psychological Influences on Student Outcomes 629 • Public Policy
Influences on Student Outcomes 631 • Global Perspectives: Education and Literacy in the
Developing World 636 • The Impact of the Media and Educational Technology on Everyday
Life 637
Unanswered Questions 641
Is Intelligence Shaped by Genes or Environment? 641 • Is Homeschooling a Substitute for
Traditional Schooling? 644 • Who Benefits from “International Education”? 645
17 RELIGION IN MODERN SOCIETY 651
Basic Concepts 655
How Sociologists Think about Religion 656 • What Do Sociologists of Religion Study? 657 •
Types of Religious Organizations 658
Sociological Theories of Religion 661
The Classical View 661 • Contemporary Approaches: Religious Economy 664 •
Secularization: The Sociological Debate 666
The Sociology of Religion: Current Research 668
World Religions 669 • Religion in the United States 674 • New Religious Movements 678 •
Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status 683 • Gender and Religion 684 • The Global
Rise of Religious Nationalism 687
Unanswered Questions 694
Is America Experiencing Secularization or Religious Revival? 694 • How Resurgent Is
Evangelicalism? 695 • Is Religious Violence on the Rise? 697
Part V: Social Change in the Modern World 703
18 THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE BODY: HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND SEXUALITY 705
Basic Concepts 711
Changing Conceptions of Health, Illness, and Medicine 711 • Diverse Conceptions of
Human Sexuality 714
Theories and Historical Approaches to Understanding Health, Illness, and
Sexuality 717
Colonialism and the Spread of Disease 717 • Sociological Theories of Health and Illness
718 • History of Sexuality in Western Culture 724
Research on Health, Illness, and Sexuality Today 727
Social Patterning of Health and Illness in the United States 728 • Global Health
Inequalities 737 • Contemporary Research on Sexual Behavior Over the Life Course 740 •
Reproduction in the Twenty-First Century: Pushing the Limits of Technology 746
Unanswered Questions 748
Does Income Inequality Threaten Health? 749 • Is Alternative Medicine as Effective as
“Mainstream” Medicine? 750 • Are Eating Disorders Primarily a “Women’s” Problem? 753
• Is Sexual Orientation Inborn or Learned? 755
19 POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 761
Basic Concepts 763
Population Analysis: Demography 763 • Dynamics of Population Change 766
Urban Sociology: Some Influential Theories 770
The Chicago School 770 • Jane Jacobs: “Eyes and Ears Upon the Street” 773 • Urbanism
and the Created Environment 774 • Saskia Sassen: Global Cities 776
Population Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental Challenges: Recent Research
778
A Brief History of Urbanization 779 • Urbanization in the United States 781 • Explosive
Urbanization in the Global South 789 • The Environment: A Sociological Issue 790 •
Addressing Climate Change—What is Being Done? 802
Unanswered Questions 808
Will Global Population Growth Outstrip Resources? 808 • Sustainable Development, or
Adaptation to the Inevitable? 812
20 GLOBALIZATION IN A CHANGING WORLD 817
Basic Concepts 819
Social Change 820
Current Theories: Is Globalization Today Something New—Or Have We Seen It All
Before? 826
The Skeptics 826 • The Hyperglobalizers 827 • The Transformationalists 828 • Whose View
Is Most Nearly Correct? 829
Recent Research on Globalization and Social Change 830
Factors Contributing to Globalization 830 • The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives 836 •
Globalization and Risk 839 • Globalization and Inequality 842
Unanswered Questions 848
What Comes after Modern Industrial Society? 848 • Is There a Need for Global
Governance? 851
GLOSSARY A1
BIBLIOGRAPHY A20
CREDITS A76
INDEX A79

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