An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1st Edition by Gregory J. Madden, ISBN-13: 978-1119126539

Description

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1st Edition by Gregory J. Madden, ISBN-13: 978-1119126539

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Wiley-Blackwell; 1st edition (May 10, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• 464 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1119126533
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1119126539

Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field.

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.

The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.

The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
• A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
• An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
• A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders

Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.

Table of Contents:

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Behavior Analysis

What Is Behavior?

What Is Behavior Analysis?

The Goals of Behavior Analysis

The First Goal of Behavior Analysis

The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis

Demand More of Your Science

Reading Quiz 1

The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis

Assumption #1: Behavior is determined

Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior

I’m Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior

Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior

Reading Quiz 2

Scientific Method

Reading Quiz 3

What Are the Determinants of Behavior?

Nature

Nurture

Behavioral Epigenetics

The Activities of Behavior Analysts

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Applied Behavior Analysis

Behavioral Service Delivery

Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis

Organizational Behavior Management

Summary

Reading Quiz 4

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 2: Understanding Behavioral Research

Variables

Correlation vs Causation

Experiments

Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment

Reading Quiz 1

Measuring Behavior

Behavioral Definitions

Observable and Objective

Refining the Behavioral Definition

Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition

Finalizing the Behavioral Definition

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

What IOA Is Not

Reading Quiz 2

Dimensions of Behavior

Frequency

Latency

Duration

Magnitude

Four Direct-Observation Methods

Outcome Recording

When to Use Outcome Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording

Event Recording

When to Use Event Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording

Interval Recording

When to Use Interval Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording

Duration Recording

When to Use Duration Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Note

References

Chapter 3: Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis

Group Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Comparison (A-B) Design

Reversal (A-B-A) Design

Alternating-Treatments Designs

Multiple-Baseline Designs

Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs

Three Kinds of Replication

Reading Quiz 1

Did Behavior Change?

Two Patterns of Behavior Change

What Makes a Change Convincing?

Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis

What Is Responsible for the Change

Reading Quiz 2

Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 4: Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning

Phylogenetically Selected Behavior

Reflex Learning – Habituation

The “Nature and Nurture” Answer to the “Nature vs Nurture” Debate

Elicited or Evoked?

Reading Quiz 1

Pavlovian Learning

A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure

Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

The Little Albert Experiment

What Became of Little Albert?

Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Reading Quiz 2

What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning?

Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning

Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning

Applying these principles to PTSD

Reading Quiz 3

Generalization

Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy

Graduated Exposure Therapy

Spontaneous Recovery

Extra Box 1: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans

Reading Quiz 4

Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life

Taste-Aversion Learning

Advertising

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 5: Operant Learning I: Reinforcement

Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 1

Response–Consequence Contingencies

Learning Response–Consequence Contingencies

Noncontingent Consequences

Superstitious Behavior

Reading Quiz 2

Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences

Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea

Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards

Reading Quiz 3

The Discovery of Reinforcement

How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer

From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes

Reading Quiz 4

Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting

Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life

The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior

Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer

Reading Quiz 5

Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games

Games for Good

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2

Notes

References

Chapter 6: Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement in the Lab

Negative Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement – Escape (SRE−)

Negative Reinforcement – Escape (SRE−) in the Lab

Negative Reinforcement – Avoidance (SRA−)

Negative Reinforcement – Avoidance (SRA−) in the Lab

Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA−?

Reading Quiz 1

Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference?

Reason 1: Heuristics

Reason 2: Loss Aversion

Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement

Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior

Reinforcement in the Workplace

Three Objections to Reinforcement

Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation

Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement

Creativity

Choking Under Pressure

Objection 3: Cheating

Reading Quiz 2

Theories of Reinforcement

The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement

The Information Theory of Reinforcement

Evaluating the Theories

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

Chapter 7: Extinction and Differential Reinforcement

Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement

Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction)

How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work?

Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction

Motivation

Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 1

Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement

Other Effects of Extinction

Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior

Extinction Burst

Extinction-Induced Variability

Extinction-Induced Resurgence

We Tried It at Home

Reading Quiz 2

Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior

Functional Analysis of Behavior

Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior

Differential Reinforcement

Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior

How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement

Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography

Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Note

References

Chapter 8: Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping

Primary Reinforcers

Conditioned Reinforcers

Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers

Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers

The Token Economy

Reading Quiz 1

Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers

Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos

Clicker Training with Humans

Reading Quiz 2

Shaping

Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm

Shaping Human Behavior

Shaping and Flow

Principles of Effective Shaping

Try It at Home: The Shaping Game

Reading Quiz 3

Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 9: Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation

Everyday Concepts of Motivation

From Motivation to Motivating Operations

Two Kinds of Motivating Operations

Examples of EOs

Examples of AOs

Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning

The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations

Extra Box 1: The Cost of Mentalistic Reasoning

Reading Quiz 1

Identifying Effective Reinforcers: The “Liking” Strategy

Reinforcer Surveys

Stimulus Preference Assessments

Extra Box 2: Avoiding Circularity – The Premack Principle

Reading Quiz 2

Measuring Reinforcer Efficacy

Dimensions of Effective Reinforcers

Contingency

Reinforcer Size

Reinforcer Quality

Reinforcer Immediacy

Summary

Habit Formation

Habits – What Are They and How Are They Formed

Our Everyday Habits

Replacing Bad Habits with Good Ones

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Notes

References

Chapter 10: Punishment

Punishers and Punishment

Two Kinds of Punishment – Both Decrease Behavior

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Reading Quiz 1

When Should We Punish?

Extra Box 1: Punishment Is the Norm – Using It Effectively Is Humane

Six Characteristics of Effective Punishment Interventions

1. Focus on Reinforcement First

2. Combine Punishment with Extinction and/or Differential Reinforcement

3. Deliver Punishers Immediately

4. Deliver Punishment Contingently

5. Punish Every Time

6. Use a Punisher in the Goldilocks Zone

Reading Quiz 2

Primary and Conditioned Punishment

Arranging Effective Conditioned Punishers

Some Commonly Used Punishers

Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement

Response-Cost Punishment

The Watchful Eye of the Punisher

The Role of Reinforcement in the Act of Punishing

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

Note

References

Chapter 11: Complex Contingencies of Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

Variable-Ratio Schedules

The Behavioral Economics of Ratio Schedules

The Underappreciated VR Schedule

Reading Quiz 1

Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Interval Schedules

Variable-Interval Schedules

Putting in All Together

Reading Quiz 2

Why Study Schedules of Reinforcement?

Extra Box 1: Contingency Management

Schedule Thinning

Scheduling Reinforcers to Enhance Human Performance and Happiness

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Tables 11.1–11.4

Notes

References

Chapter 12: Antecedent Stimulus Control

Phylogenetic and Pavlovian Stimulus Control

Discriminated Operant Behavior

The Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

The SΔ

The SDp

The Three-term Contingency

Reading Quiz 1

Discriminative Stimuli and Establishing Operations

Discrimination Training

Effective Methods of Discrimination Training

Using Discrimination Training to Positively Influence Behavior

Extra Box 1: Direct Instruction of Reading Skills

Generalization

Using Discrimination Training to Improve Stimulus Control

Promoting Generalization and Maintenance

Tactic 1: Teach Behaviors That Will Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement

Tactic 2: Train Diversely

Tactic 3: Arrange Antecedent Stimuli That Will Cue Generalization

Reading Quiz 2

Stimulus-Response Chains

Teaching Stimulus-Response Chains

Prompting and Fading

Extra Box 2: Consciousness

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

Chapter 13: Choice

What Is Choice?

Four Variables Affecting Choice

Reinforcement vs. No Consequence

Reinforcer Size/Quality

Effort

Reinforcer Delay

Summary

Reading Quiz 1

The Rich Uncle Joe Experiment

Choosing between Uncertain Outcomes

Herrnstein’s Matching Equation

More Uncertainty

Research Support for Herrnstein’s Equation

Reading Quiz 2

Extra Box 1: The Matching Law, Terrorism, and White Nationalism

Substitutes

Extra Box 2: What Substitutes for Drug Reinforcers?

Using the Matching Law to Positively Influence Behavior

The Matching Law and Attention

Summary

Reading Quiz 3

Impulsivity and Self-Control

Predicting Impulsive Choice

Predicting Preference Reversals

Influencing Impulsive Choice

Commitment Strategies

Delay-Exposure Training

Reading Quiz 4

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 13.3

Notes

References

Chapter 14: Verbal Behavior, Rule-Following, and Clinical Behavior Analysis

Behavioral Approaches to Language

Skinner’s Functional Taxonomy of Speaker Behavior

Echoic

Mand

Tact

Intraverbal

Training Verbal Operants

Reading Quiz 1

The Behavior of the Listener

Expanding the Verbal Repertoire

Verbal Behavior and Emotions

Reading Quiz 2

Rules and Rule-Governed Behavior

Why Follow the Rules?

Pliance

Tracking

Persistently Following Incorrect Rules

Are We Hopelessly Compliant?

The Dark Side of Tracking

Reading Quiz 3

Breaking the Rules in Clinical Psychology

Extra Box 1: If Thoughts Are Important, Prepare to Suffer

The “Acceptance” in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

The “Commitment” in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Does ACT Work?

Further Reading

Reading Quiz 4

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

Appendix

Glossary

Author Index

Subject Index

Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.

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