Steps to Writing Well with Additional Readings 11th Edition by Jean Wyrick, ISBN-13: 978-1337899796

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Steps to Writing Well with Additional Readings 11th Edition by Jean Wyrick, ISBN-13: 978-1337899796

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• Publisher: ‎ Cengage Learning; 11th edition (January 1, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• 768 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1337899798
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1337899796

Combining detailed coverage of the writing process with a wealth of professional readings, Wyrick’s STEPS TO WRITING WELL WITH ADDITIONAL READINGS has helped thousands of students learn to write effective academic essays. Extremely student-friendly, it presents rhetorical strategies for composing essays in an easy-to-follow progression of useful lessons and activities. With over 70 student and professional readings and a variety of hands-on activities, it gives you the models and practice you need to write well-constructed essays with confidence. The 11th edition features useful visual learning aids, student writing samples on timely topics, assignments that promote using sources and multiple rhetorical strategies, and updated discussions of multimodal texts and online databases. It also reflects guidelines from the APA’s 2020 Publication Manual.

Table of Contents:

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgments

To the Student

Part 1. The Basics of the Short Essay

Chapter 1. Prewriting

Getting Started

Selecting a Subject

Finding Your Essay’s Purpose and Focus

Pump-Primer Techniques

1. Listing

2. Freewriting

3. Looping

4. The Boomerang

5. Clustering

6. Cubing

7. Interviewing

8. The Cross-Examination

9. Sketching

10. Dramatizing the Subject

After You’ve Found Your Focus

Discovering Your Audience

How to Identify Your Readers

Keeping a Journal (Talking to Yourself Does Help)

Uses of the Journal

Chapter 1 Summary

Chapter 2. The Thesis Statement

What Is a Thesis? What Does a “Working Thesis” Do?

Can a “Working Thesis” Change?

Guidelines for Writing a Good Thesis

Avoiding Common Errors in Thesis Statements

Using the Essay Map

Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 3. The Body Paragraphs

Planning the Body of Your Essay

Composing the Body Paragraphs

The Topic Sentence

Focusing Your Topic Sentence

Placing Your Topic Sentence

Paragraph Development

Paragraph Length

Paragraph Unity

Paragraph Coherence

A Recognizable Ordering of Information

Transitional Words and Phrases

Repetition of Key Words

Pronouns Substituted for Key Nouns

Parallelism

Using a Variety of Transitional Devices

Avoiding Whiplash

Paragraph Sequence

Transitions between Paragraphs

Chapter 3 Summary

Chapter 4. Beginnings and Endings

How to Write a Good Lead-In

Avoiding Errors in Lead-Ins

How to Write a Good Concluding Paragraph

Avoiding Errors in Conclusions

How to Write a Good Title

Chapter 4 Summary

Chapter 5. Drafting and Revising: Creative Thinking, Critical Thinking

What Is Revision?

When Does Revision Occur?

Myths about Revision

Can I Learn to Improve My Revision Skills?

Preparing to Draft

Some Basic Tips for Drafting

Some Hints When Drafting on a Computer

Some Hints When Handwriting a Draft

Writing Centers, Computer Classrooms, and Electronic Networks

Procrastination: Enemy of Critical Thinking, Thief of Time

A Revision Process for Your Drafts

I. Revising for Purpose, Thesis, and Audience

II. Revising for Ideas and Evidence

III. Revising for Organization

IV. Revising for Clarity and Style

V. Editing for Errors

VI. Proofreading

A Final Checklist for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay

Draft Essay

Revised Essay

Collaborative Activities: Group Work, Peer Revision Workshops, and Team Projects

Benefiting from Collaborative Activities

Guidelines for Peer Revision Workshops

Guidelines for Small-Group Work

Some Last Advice: How to Play with Your Mental Blocks

Chapter 5 Summary

Chapter 6. Effective Sentences

Developing a Clear Style

Give Your Sentences Content

Make Your Sentences Specific

Avoid Overpacking Your Sentences

Fix Major Sentence Errors

Pay Attention to Word Order

Avoid Mixed Constructions and Faulty Predication

Developing a Concise Style

Avoid Deadwood Constructions

Avoid Redundancy

Carefully Consider Your Passive Verbs

Avoid Pretentiousness

Developing an Engaging Style

Developing an Emphatic Style

Word Order

Coordination

Subordination

Chapter 6 Summary

Chapter 7. Word Logic

Selecting the Correct Words

Accuracy: Confused Words

Accuracy: Idiomatic Phrases

Levels of Language

Tone

Denotation and Connotation

Selecting the Best Words

Vague Verbs

Vague Nouns

Vague Modifiers

Chapter 7 Summary

Chapter 8. The Reading–Writing Connection

How Can Reading Well Help Me Become a Better Writer?

How Can I Become an Analytical Reader?

Steps to Reading Well

Sample Annotated Essay

How Can I Read Multimodal Texts Analytically?

Steps to Reading Multimodal Texts Well

Sample Annotated Advertisement

Writing a Summary

Benefiting from Class Discussions

Chapter 8 Summary

Part 2. Purposes, Modes, and Strategies

Chapter 9. Development by Example

Why and How to Use Examples in Your Writing

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essay

Chapter 10. Process Analysis

Types of Process Analysis Essays

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essays

I. The Informative Process Essay

II. The Directional Process Essay

Chapter 11. Comparison and Contrast

Developing Your Essay

Pattern One: Point-by-Point

Pattern Two: The Block

Which Pattern Should You Use?

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

I. The Point-by-Point Pattern

Sample Student Essay 2

II. The Block Pattern

Professional Essays

I. The Point-by-Point Pattern

II. The Block Pattern

A Special Kind of Comparison: The Analogy

Chapter 12. Definition

Why Do We Define?

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essay

Chapter 13. Division and Classification

Division

Classification

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Student Sample Essay 2

Professional Essay: Classification

Professional Essay: Division

Chapter 14. Causal Analysis

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essay

Chapter 15. Argumentation

Developing Your Essay

Problems to Avoid

Common Logical Fallacies

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Student Sample Essay 2

Professional Essays

Analyzing Advertisements

Divergent Viewpoints: Gun Ownership in America

Competing Products: Sources of Energy

Popular Appeals: Spending Our Money

Chapter 16. Description

How to Write Effective Description

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essay

Chapter 17. Narration

Writing the Effective Narrative Essay

Problems to Avoid

A Topic Proposal for Your Essay

Sample Student Essay 1

Sample Student Essay 2

Professional Essay

Chapter 18. Writing Essays Using Multiple Strategies

Choosing the Best Strategies

Problems to Avoid

Sample Student Essay

Professional Essay

Part 3. Special Assignments

Chapter 19. Conducting Research and Using Sources

Focusing Your Topic

Beginning Your Library Research

General Reference Works

Library Catalogs

Databases

Special Collections

Beginning Your Online Research

Conducting Primary Research

The Personal Interview

The Questionnaire

Preparing a Working Bibliography

Choosing and Evaluating Your Sources

Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

Taking Notes

Distinguishing Paraphrase from Summary

Incorporating Your Source Material

Avoiding Plagiarism

Chapter 20. Documenting Sources

MLA Style

MLA Citations in Your Essay

Compiling a Works Cited List: MLA Style

Guidelines to MLA Style

The Core Elements

Supplemental Elements

Containers within Containers

Citations Beyond the Research Paper

Practice Template for MLA Entries

Sample Works Cited Entries: MLA Style

Periodicals (Magazines, Journals, Newspapers)

APA Style

APA Citations in Your Essay

Compiling a Reference List: APA Style

Sample Reference List Entries: APA Style

Electronic Sources: APA Style

Footnote and Bibliography Form

Using Supplementary Notes

Sample Notes Page Using MLA Style

Sample Student Essay Using MLA Style

Sample Student Essay Using APA Style

Chapter 21. Classroom Writing: Exams, Timed Essays, and Presentations

Steps to Writing Well Under Pressure

Problems to Avoid

Writing the Summary-and-Response Essay

Reading the Assignment and the Article

Sample Student Essay

Writing for Classroom Presentations

Steps to Successful Presentations

Guidelines for Effective Delivery

Chapter 22. Writing about Literature

Using Literature in the Composition Classroom

Suggestions for Close Reading of Literature

Steps to Reading a Story

Annotated Story

Sample Student Essay

Steps to Reading a Poem

Annotated Poem

Sample Student Essay

General Guidelines for Writing about Literature

Problems to Avoid

Suggestions for Writing

Chapter 23. Writing in the World of Work

Composing Business Letters

Traditional Business Letter Format

Sample Business Letter

Creating Memos

Sending Professional E-Mail

Problems to Avoid

Writing Cover Letters and Designing Résumés

Effective Cover Letters

Effective Résumés

Problems to Avoid

Sample Résumés

Sample Résumé #1

Sample Résumé #2

Preparing Interview Notes and Post-Interview Letters

MindTap Online Chapter: Writing about Film

Using Film in the Composition Classroom

Guidelines for Writing about Film

Problems to Avoid

Sample Student Essay

Professional Essay. The Theory of Everything

Suggestions for Writing

Glossary of Film Terms

Part 4. A Concise Handbook

Chapter 24. Major Errors in Grammar

Assessing Your Skills: Grammar

Errors with Verbs

24a. Faulty Agreement S–V Agr

24b. Subjunctive V Sub

24c. Tense Shift T

24d. Split Infinitive Sp I

24e. Double Negatives D Neg

24f. Passive Voice Pass

24g. Irregular Verbs Irreg V

Errors with Nouns N

24h. Possessive with “-ing” Nouns

24i. Misuse of Nouns as Adjectives

24j. Plurals of Proper Nouns

Errors with Pronouns

24k. Faulty Agreement Pro Agr

24l. Vague Reference Ref

24m. Shift in Pronouns P Sh

24n. Incorrect Case Ca

24o. Incorrect Compound Forms

Errors with Adverbs and Adjectives

24p. Incorrect Usage Adv Adj

24q. Faulty Comparison Comp

Errors in Modifying Phrases

24r. Dangling Modifiers DM

24s. Misplaced Modifiers MM

Errors in Sentences

24t. Fragments Frag

24u. Run-on (or Fused) Sentence R-O

24v. Comma Splice CS

24w. Faulty Parallelism //

24x. False Predication Pred

24y. Mixed Structure Mix S

Chapter 25. A Concise Guide to Punctuation

Assessing Your Skills: Punctuation

Punctuation Guidelines

25a. The Period (.) P

25b. The Question Mark (?) P

25c. The Exclamation Point (!) P

25d. The Comma (,) P

25e. The Semicolon (;) P

25f. The Colon (:) P

25g. The Apostrophe (‘) AP

25h. Quotation Marks (“ ” and ‘ ’) P

25i. Parentheses ( ) P

25j. Brackets [ ] P

25k. The Dash (—) P

25l. The Hyphen (-) P

25m. Italics (Ital) and Underlining (Und) P

25n. Ellipsis Points (. . . or . . . .) P

25o. The Slash (/) P

Chapter 26. A Concise Guide to Mechanics

Assessing Your Skills: Mechanics

26a. Capitalization Cap

26b. Abbreviations Ab

26c. Numbers Num

26d. Spelling Sp

Answers to the Mechanics Assessment

Part 5. Additional Readings

Chapter 27. Development by Example

Chapter 28. Process Analysis

Chapter 29. Comparison and Contrast

Chapter 30. Definition

Chapter 31. Division and Classification

Chapter 32. Causal Analysis

Chapter 33. Argumentation

Chapter 34. Description

Chapter 35. Narration

Chapter 36. Essays Using Multiple Strategies and Styles

Chapter 37. Literature

JUST IN TIME PLUS V2

Quick Review: Active Reading

Prepare to Read

Before Reading: Preview, Predict, Connect

Preview the Text

Make Predictions

Create Connections

During Reading: Interact with the Text

After Reading: Reflect and Review

Quick Review: Reading for Evidence

Identify the Main Idea or Thesis of a Text

Identifying Main Ideas in Paragraphs

Identifying Main Ideas in Longer Readings

Recognize Types of Evidence

Evaluate Evidence

Quick Review: Annotating as You Read

Highlight or Underline Effectively

Annotate as You Read

Organize New Information

Quick Review: Using Context Clues

Types of Context Clues

Recognize and Use Inference Clues

Recognize and Use Synonym Clues

Recognize and Use Contrast Clues

Recognize and Use Example Clues

Recognize and Use Definition Clues

Quick Review: Making Pronouns Agree with Antecedents

How to Ensure Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Singular “They”

Ensure the Gender of a Pronoun Matches Its Antecedent

Ensure Agreement When Antecedents are Joined by and

Ensure Agreement When Antecedents Are Joined by or or nor

Ensure Agreement When an Antecedent is an Indefinite Word

Correctly use singular or plural pronouns with collective antecedents

Quick Review: Making Pronoun Reference Clear

How to Ensure Clear Pronoun Reference

Ensure Each Pronoun Has One Clear Antecedent

Ensure Pronouns Are Close to Antecedents

Ensure Pronouns Refer to Stated, Not Implied, Antecedents

Quick Review: Expanding Sentences with Phrases

How to Use Phrases to Expand Sentences

Expand Sentences Using Verb Phrases

Expand Sentences Using Noun Phrases

Expand Sentences Using Prepositional Phrases

Expand Sentences Using Verbals and Verbal Phrases

Expand Sentences Using Appositive Phrases

Expand Sentences Using Absolute Phrases

Quick Review: Expanding Sentences with Clauses

How to Use Clauses to Expand Sentences

Recognize Independent Clauses

Recognize Dependent Clauses

Quick Review: Using Colons and Semicolons

Use Colons Correctly

Use Semicolons Correctly

Quick Review: Using Apostrophes

How to Use Apostrophes Correctly

Use Apostrophes to Indicate Possession

Use Apostrophes to Show Omission of Letters

Quick Review: When and Why to Paraphrase

Recognize When to Paraphrase

Write Accurate Paraphrases

How to Paraphrase Sources

Avoid Plagiarism

Quick Review: Understanding the Ideas of a Source

Ensure You Understand the Ideas of a Source

Quick Review: Changing Words and Sentence Structure

Paraphrase Ideas Using Your Words and Sentence Structure

Guidelines for Paraphrasing in Your Own Words

Paraphrasing in Action

Quick Review: When and Why to Write Summaries

Recognize When and Why to Write Summaries

Using Summary Writing for Comprehension

Using Summary Writing to Incorporate Ideas

Quick Review: Reading and Writing to Create a Summary

Read, Annotate and Outline to Understand Text

Practice Reading and Annotating

Write Accurate, Documented Summaries

Summarizing in Practice

A Note on Documentation

Quick Review: Avoiding Interpretation in Summaries

Write Accurate, Documented Summaries

Distinguish Your Commentary and Opinions from Those of Sources

Quick Review: When and Why to Quote

Recognize When and Why to Quote Sources

Guidelines for When and Why to Quote

Quick Review: Introducing Quotations with Signal Phrases

Use Effective Signal Phrases to Introduce Quotations

Use Correct Punctuation with Signal Phrases

Use Appropriate Verbs to Indicate the Attitude of Sources

When to Use Past or Present Tense

Quick Review: Embedding Quotations in Your Sentences

Use Only the Most Perinent Words of Your Source

Using Punctuation to Indicate Changes in Quotations

Use Signal Phrases to Show the Authority and Value of Source

Analyze selected quotations

Quick Review: Using Block Quotations

Understand the Shared Characteristics of Block Quotations

Use MLA Style for Block Quotations

Use APA Style for Block Quotations

Use Brackets and Ellipses to Show Alterations

Quick Review: Using MLA Format

Use in-text citationS

Variations on In-Text Citation

Prepare a Works Cited List

The Nine Core Elements of the MLA Documentation System

Sample Entries

Use MLA Format

Quick Review: Using APA Format

Use In-Text Citations

Variations on In-Text Citation

Prepare a References List

Sample Entries

Use APA Format

Quick Review: Reading for Topics, Main Ideas, and Details

Identifying the Topic and Main Idea of an Essay

Finding the Thesis Statement of an Essay

Identifying the Major and Minor Details of an Essay

Recognizing Types of Support

Just in Time Quick Reviews

Quick Review: Understanding Writing Assignments

Understanding Context, Purpose, and Audience

Reading and Analyzing the Assignment

Quick Review: Understanding the Rhetorical Situation

Define and Consider Purpose

Define and Consider Audience

Define and Consider Context

Quick Review: Writing Thesis Statements

Generating and Narrowing Ideas for a Topic

Developing a Strong Thesis Statement

Quick Review: Organizing Your Essay

Patterns of Organization

Quick Review: Writing Introductions and Conclusions

Writing an Effective Introduction

Writing an Effective Conclusion

Quick Review: Reading Critically

Read Actively

Read Critically

Quick Review: Understanding Fact and Opinion

Facts: Reading and Writing

Opinions: Reading and Writing

Quick Review: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Avoiding Plagiarism

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

Quick Review: Writing Topic Sentences

General versus Specific Statements

Generate and Narrow Ideas for a Topic

Develop a Strong Topic Sentence

Topic Sentences Work Together in Essays

Quick Review: Including Supporting Ideas

Types of Support

Generating Support

Supporting a Topic Sentence in a Paragraph

Supporting a Thesis Statement in an Essay

Quick Review: Writing Unified Paragraphs

Ensuring Paragraph Unity

Quick Review: Writing Coherent Paragraphs

Organizational Strategies

Transitional Words and Phrases

Key Words

Pronouns

Quick Review: Varying Sentence Structure

Sentence Types

Coordination: Combining Ideas of Equal Importance

Combining Sentences by Using Coordinating Conjunctions

Combining Sentences by Using Conjunctive Adverbs

Subordination: Combining Ideas of Unequal Importance

Combining Sentences by Using Participial Phrases

Avoid Creating Dangling Modifiers

Quick Review: Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Ensuring Subject-Verb Agreement

Quick Review: Revising Sentence Fragments

Identifying Fragments

How to Correct Sentence Fragments

Quick Review: Revising Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices

Identifying and Correcting Run-On Sentences

Identifying and Correcting Comma Splices

Quick Review: Choosing Appropriate Language

Selecting and Maintaining Appropriate Tone

Avoiding Slang, Vulgar Language, Jargon, and Colloquialisms

Avoiding Sexist Language

Avoiding Clichés

Avoiding Contractions and Nonstandard Spelling

Quick Review: Using Concise Language

Eliminate Redundant Words and Phrases

Express Your Thoughts Clearly and Directly

Combine Closely Related Sentences

Quick Review: Understanding Sound Alike and Look Alike Words

Tips for Spelling Homonyms Correctly

Ten Most Commonly Confused Sets of Homonyms

Additional Commonly Confused Homonyms

Quick Review: Using Commas

Commas in Compound Sentences

Commas in a Series

Commas with Introductory Material

Commas with Interrupters

Commas with Dialogue or Quotations

Commas in Addresses, Dates, Letters, Numbers, and Titles

Quick Review: Using Capital Letters

Rules for Capitalization

Focused Support for Key Topics

Unit 1. Reading Arguments Critically

Reading and Evaluating Arguments

Identifying Claims, Reasons, and Supporting Evidence

Claims

Reasons

Supporting Evidence

Sample Outline: Claims, Reasons, and Evidence

Review: Claims, Reasons, and Evidence

Making Assumptions in Arguments

Understanding Facts and Opinions

Identifying Bias in Language and Evidence

Professional Reading 1. “Game Play to Music Play” by Andrew Mercer

Professional Reading 1. “Players are Using and Endorsing CBD, but the PGA Tour Is Wary” by Joel Beall

Professional Reading 2. “Why Do We Love Grumpy Animal Memes? Science Explains” by Lisa Suhay

Student Reading. “Read to Succeed” by Wardah Elghazali

Unit 2. Investigating the Rhetorical Situation

Understanding the Rhetorical Situation

Thinking About Audience

Considering Purpose

Persuasive Writing

Considering the Rhetorical Context

Location

Professional Reading 1. “The Case for Lo Pro” by Maddie Oatman

Professional Reading 2. “Making Wakanda Great Again: ‘BLACK PANTHER’” by Rand Richards Cooper

Student Reading. “Remedying an E-Waste Economy” by Rachel DeBruyn

Unit 3. Developing an Argument

Choosing a Topic

Strategies for Choosing and Narrowing Your Topic

Establishing Your Claim

Claims of Fact

Claims of Definition

Claims of Cause

Claims of Value

Claims of Policy

Apply It Now

Supporting Your Claim: Logos

Facts and Statistics

Examples

Expert Testimony

Apply It Now

Supporting Your Claim: Ethos

Style: Diction and Tone

Supporting Your Claim: Pathos

Summarizing and Refuting Opposing Arguments

Summarize Fairly and Accurately

Professional Reading 1. “Editorial: College Administrators and Local Authorities Could Curb Binge Drinking”

Professional Reading 2. “Big on Breakfast” by Alexander Blum

Student Reading. “ChooseMyPlate.gov Hinders Choice with Poor Web Design” by Jennika Smith

Unit 4. Synthesizing Diverse Perspectives

Using Synthesis

Strategies for Reading Diverse Perspectives

Recognizing Distinct Points of View in Your Sources

Identify Each Author’s Primary Argument and Conclusion

Use Summary to Make Sure You Understand Sources’ Main Ideas

Look for Points of Agreement, Partial Agreement, and Disagreement

Determining Relationships Between Different Points of View and Your Own

Create an Outline or Map to Show How the Different Sources Overlap

Integrating Sources into Your Own Writing

Considering Audience

Methods for Synthesizing Sources

Professional Reading 1. “What Education Can’t Do” by Diane Ravitch

Professional Reading 2. “Locking Away the Black Vote” by Eli Day

Professional Reading 2. “‘The Visiting Room’ Creates Connections: Impact of Play by Formerly Incarcerated Women Goes Beyond the Fourth Wall” by Maria Benevento

Student Reading. “Discrimination in Ireland” by Marianna Williams

Unit 5. Revising Logical Fallacies

The Illogic of Logical Fallacies

Deductive versus Inductive Reasoning

Identifying Logical Fallacies

Ad Hominem

False Dilemma

Appeal to Ignorance

Slippery Slope

Circular Argument

Hasty Generalization

Red Herring

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

Appeal to Authority

Bandwagon

Personal Incredulity

Apply It Now

Avoiding Fallacies in Your Own Writing

Examples of Fallacies in a Source

Professional Reading 1. “United States of Narcissism” by Daniel Altman

Professional Reading 2. “The Monday Question: Is Animal Testing Acceptable for Medical Research?” from The Journal

Student Reading. “Why Is College So Important in the United States?” by Chloe Charles

Unit 6. Using Research in Argument

Using Reputable Research Sources to Support Your Ideas

Using Information from Research Sources to Support Your Ideas

Using Research from Reputable Sources

Using Research from Print and Online Sources

Using Books from the General Collection

Using Research from a Wide Variety of Viewpoints

Tips for Thoroughly and Accurately Citing Sources

Documenting Information from Research Sources Accurately

How to Cite Research Sources: An Overview

Professional Reading 1. “Millennials and Technology: Addressing the Communication Gap in Education and Practice” by Lindsey A. Gibson and William A. Sodeman

Professional Reading 1. “Praise, Rather Than Punish, to See Up to 30% Greater Focus in the Classroom”

Professional Reading 2. “NO CAKE FOR US: Whether They Intended to or Not, the Justices Sent Same-Sex Couples a Message about Who Is Welcome” by Lucas Grindley

Student Reading. “Slang Rebels” by Greg Coles

Unit 7. Investigating the Source or Sponsor of Information

Realize That All Sources Have Certain Biases

Evaluate the Likely Bias of a Source

Questions for Evaluating the Likely Bias of a Source

Evaluate the Author’s Sources by Reviewing the Bibliography

Determine the Likely Bias of the Organization that Sponsored the Study, Website, or Other Content

How to Determine Who Sponsors a Website or Study

Professional Reading 1. “Is Addiction Really a Disease? A Challenge to Twelve-Step Programs” by Nicholas Grant Boeving

Professional Reading 1. “Here Come the Prose Police: Why Academic Writing Gets a Bad Rap” by Jan Mieszkowski

Professional Reading 2. “A Doggone Way to Reduce Stress: An Animal Assisted Intervention with College Students” by Lisa A. House, et al.

Student Reading. “Entertainment Slaves” by Brittany Weishuhn

Unit 8. Evaluating Format to Decide If a Source Is “Fake News”

Identify Fake News

Examine the Headline

Evaluate Spelling and Punctuation

Determine If the URL Is the Correct One for a Real News Site

Check the Date of the Article to See If It Makes Sense Given the Context

Professional Reading 1. “The Importance of Critical Thinking for Student Use of the Internet” by M. Neil Browne, Kari E. Freeman, et al.

Professional Reading 2. “Debunking the Fictions of the Tet Offensive” by Maj Thomas Herman

Professional Reading 2. “Debunking Marijuana Myths for Teens” by Susan D. Swick and Michael S. Jellinek

Student Reading. “To Fish and Be Fished: A Tinder-fied Game of Love” by Kellie Coppola

Unit 9. Determining the Expertise of the Author

Evaluate the Author’s Credentials Provided in a Headnote or Cover Blurb

Evaluate the Author’s Credentials Based on a Source’s Website

Evaluate the Author’s Credentials Using a Google Search

Professional Reading 1. “Drug Prohibition Is the Problem: Reflections from a Former Judge” by James P. Gray

Professional Reading 1. “The New Jim Crow: How Mass Incarceration Turns People of Color into Permanent Second-Class Citizens” by Michelle Alexander

Professional Reading 2. “Facebook Age Display and Alcohol Use among College Students” by Molly Wilner, Bradley Kerr, et al.

Student Reading. “The Perils of the Second Shift: Navigating Work-Family Conflict in the 21st Century” by Nichole Peña

50 Readings

“Policing the Imagination” by Madison Smartt Bell

“When Does Appreciation Become Appropriation?” by Brian Schaeffer

“Beats Against Colonialism: A Tribe Called Red” by Sheldon Birnie

“Hip or Hype? Virtual Influencers Are Brands’ Latest Social Tool by Madison Patrick Kulp”

“Combing Through Black Beauty Culture” by Cicely-Belle Blain

“Coronavirus Infodemic” by Amy Affelt

“Bots Bite Man: Why Our Fake-News Problem Will Get Worse Before It Gets Better” by Amy Web

“How Science Will Explain and Fix Fake News” by David Cowan

“Flat Earth, Illuminati, and Fake Moon Landing: Are Conspiracy Theory Videos Hurting YouTube?” by Kate Sheridan

“Make Media Great Again: The Line Between Sponsored and Editorial Content Needs to Be Reinforced” by Mark Tungate

“Stand for Something: Let’s Talk about Media Bias” by Monika Bauerlein

“The Bad News About Good News” by Alexander Nazaryan

“We Haven’t Fully Grappled with How Much We Unwittingly Judge Journalism Through A White Lens” by Isaac Bailey

“Is the Media Fuelling Herder vs. Farmer Clashes?” by Tom Collins

“Women’s News Agency in Turkey Targeted” by Dano Sabaghi

“Ties of Blood: Our Deep and Abiding Connection with Mother Earth Is What Compels Us to Fight to Protect It” by Kandi White

“Last Chances” by Elizabeth Kolbert

“Strength in Numbers” by Eric Klinenberg

“A New Leaf” by Jackie Mogensen

“A Solution for Climate Pollution?” by Patricia Smith

“Mapping My Mother” by Anna Kushner

“The Real North Is an Idea” by Lindsay Bell and Jesse Colin Jackson

“Crossed Paths: Wang Anyi Traces Shanghai in Map and Memory as She Revisits Its Lanes, a Mental Flaneur” by Wang Anyi

“A Tale of Three Cities” by Kolundi Serumaga

“Ocala National Forest: Full of Special Places” by Robert H. Mohlenbrock

“The White Imagination Must Be Bound” by Anya Steinberg

“Check-the-Box Training Won’t Work. Communities of Color Must Drive Policing” by Ron Johnson

“The Forgotten King: Commentary on Protest, Race, and MLK” by Ken Makin

“Anti-Culture Warriors” by The American Conservative

“Summer School for Protest Writing” by Tyler Foggatt

“The Perils of Trashing the Value of College” by Margaret Spellings

“A Degree in Debt: The High Price of Higher Education” by Hollis Phelps

“Lessons from the Olin College Experiment” by Richard K. Miller

“The Prison-to-College Pipeline” by Mel Jones

“How Can Values be Taught in the University?” by Toni Morrison

“Editorial: Caitlyn and Jim Show Us What Discrimination Looks Like” by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

“Supporting the Gender Expansive Student” by Shannon Sheldon

“Privacy and Inclusion: Creating Welcoming Public Facilities that Truly Serve” by Lindsey Peckinpaugh and Jenny Stephens

“Ungendered: More Brands and Retailers are Doing Away with Male and Female Marketing Stereotypes” by Kristina Monllos

“Generation X” by John Paul Brammer

“Listen So People Will Talk” by Dolores T. Puterbaugh

“‘Her’ Again” by the Staff from Wired

“From Subtweets to Sarcastic Put-Downs, Online Culture Is Giving Adults a Taste for Bullying” by Amelia Tait

“Protecting the Right to Write” by Chrisanne Grise

“Discrimination’s ‘Back Door’: Tackling Language Bias on Campus” by Heidi

“How to Write the Perfect Sentence” by Stanley Fish

“Love to Write? Keep It to Yourself” by Rachel Toor

“Cataclysm” by Rilla Askew

“Why the Novel Matters in the Age of Anger” by Elif Shafak

“Writing a Life, Living a Writer’s Life” by Gaiutra Bahadur

Jean Wyrick is Professor Emerita of English at Colorado State University, where she was director of composition for 11 years. She has more than 25 years of experience teaching writing, training writing teachers, and designing writing/writing-across-the-curriculum programs. Her other textbooks include THE RINEHART READER and DISCOVERING IDEAS. She has presented over 100 workshops and papers on the teaching of writing, American literature, American studies, and women’s studies.

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