Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by John Shaughnessy, ISBN-13: 978-0077825362
[PDF eBook eTextbook]
- Publisher: McGraw Hill; 10th edition (February 18, 2014)
- Language: English
- 512 pages
- ISBN-10: 0077825365
- ISBN-13: 978-0077825362
Psychologists use a variety of research methods and tools to learn about behavior and mental processes. The goal of this book is to introduce students to the “multimethod approach” to research in psychology, including observational, survey, and experimental methods. Students learn the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as ethical dilemmas when using them, so that they can become competent practitioners and thoughtful consumers of psychological research. Our approach is to engage students in the research process by describing contemporary research in psychology. Students learn about recent topics such as online dating and Facebook, cross-cultural observations of helping behavior, PTSD in orphaned chimpanzees, Medicaid and Medicare health outcomes, decision-making during Hurricane Katrina, clinical research and DSM-5, and much more. Each chapter’s “stretching exercises,” “stat tips,” review questions, and challenge questions develop students’ critical thinking about the psychological research that appears in scientific journals and in popular media. Together with the companion Online Learning Center for students, the 10th edition of Research Methods in Psychology provides a clearly written, compelling introduction to research methods in psychology.
Table of Contents:
Preface
Part I. General Issues
1. Introduction
The Science of Psychology
Science in Context
Historical Context
Social and Cultural Context
Moral Context
Thinking Like a Researcher
Evaluating Research Findings Reported in the Media
Getting Started Doing Research
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
2. The Scientific Method
Scientific and Everyday Approaches to Knowledge
General Approach and Attitude
Observation
Concepts
Reporting
Instruments
Measurement
Hypotheses
Goals of the Scientific Method
Description
Prediction
Explanation
Application
Scientific Theory Construction and Testing
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
3. Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
Introduction
Ethical Issues to Consider Before Beginning Research
The Risk/Benefit Ratio
Determining Risk
Minimal Risk
Dealing with Risk
Informed Consent
Deception in Psychological Research
Debriefing
Research with Animals
Reporting of Psychological Research
Steps for Ethical Compliance
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Part II. Descriptive Methods
4. Observation
Overview
Sampling Behavior
Time Sampling
Situation Sampling
Observational Methods
Direct Observational Methods
Observation without Intervention
Observation with Intervention
Indirect (Unobtrusive) Observational Methods
Physical Traces
Archival Records
Recording Behavior
Comprehensive Records of Behavior
Selected Records of Behavior
Analysis of Observational Data
Qualitative Data Analysis
Quantitative Data Analysis
Thinking Critically About Observational Research
Influence of the Observer
Observer Bias
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
5. Survey Research
Overview
Uses of Surveys
Characteristics of Surveys
Sampling in Survey Research
Basic Terms of Sampling
Approaches to Sampling
Survey Methods
Mail Surveys
Personal Interviews
Telephone Interviews
Internet Surveys
Survey-Research Designs
Cross-Sectional Design
Successive Independent Samples Design
Longitudinal Design
Questionnaires
Questionnaires as Instruments
Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Measures
Constructing a Questionnaire
Thinking Critically About Survey Research
Correspondence Between Reported and Actual Behavior
Correlation and Causality
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise I
Answer to Stretching Exercise II
Answer to Challenge Question 1
Part III. Experimental Methods
6. Independent Groups Designs
Overview
Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments
Logic of Experimental Research
Random Groups Design
An Example of a Random Groups Design
Block Randomization
Threats to Internal Validity
Analysis and Interpretation of Experimental Findings
The Role of Data Analysis in Experiments
Describing the Results
Confirming What the Results Reveal
What Data Analysis Can’t Tell Us
Establishing the External Validity of Experimental Findings
Matched Groups Design
Natural Groups Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise I
Answer to Stretching Exercise II
Answer to Challenge Question 1
7. Repeated Measures Designs
Overview
Why Researchers Use Repeated Measures Designs
The Role of Practice Effects in Repeated Measures Designs
Defining Practice Effects
Balancing Practice Effects in the Complete Design
Balancing Practice Effects in the Incomplete Design
Data Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs
Describing the Results
Confirming What the Results Reveal
The Problem of Differential Transfer
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
8. Complex Designs
Overview
Describing Effects in a Complex Design
An Example of a 2 × 2 Design
Main Effects and Interaction Effects
Describing Interaction Effects
Complex Designs with Three Independent Variables
Analysis of Complex Designs
Analysis Plan with an Interaction Effect
Analysis Plan with No Interaction Effect
Interpreting Interaction Effects
Interaction Effects and Theory Testing
Interaction Effects and External Validity
Interaction Effects and Ceiling and Floor Effects
Interaction Effects and the Natural Groups Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise I
Answer to Stretching Exercise II
Answer to Challenge Question 1
Part IV. Applied Research
9. Single-Case Research Designs
Overview
The Case Study Method
Characteristics
Advantages of the Case Study Method
Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
Thinking Critically About Testimonials Based on a Case Study
Single-Case (Small-N) Experimental Designs
Characteristics of Single-Case Experiments
Specific Experimental Designs
Problems and Limitations Common to All Single-Case Designs
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
10. Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
Overview
True Experiments
Characteristics of True Experiments
Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings
Threats to Internal Validity Controlled by True Experiments
Problems That Even True Experiments May Not Control
Quasi-Experiments
The Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Nonequivalent Control Group Design: The Langer and Rodin Study
Threats to Internal Validity in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design
The Issue of External Validity
Interrupted Time-Series Designs
Time Series with Nonequivalent Control Group
Program Evaluation
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
Part V. Analyzing and Reporting Research
11. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation
Overview
The Analysis Story
Computer-Assisted Data Analysis
Illustration: Data Analysis for an Experiment Comparing Means
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data
Stage 3: Using Confidence Intervals to Confirm What the Data Reveal
Illustration: Data Analysis for a Correlational Study
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data
Stage 3: Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Correlation
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
12. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis St
Overview
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
Experimental Sensitivity and Statistical Power
NHST: Comparing Two Means
Independent Groups
Repeated Measures Designs
Statistical Significance and Scientific or Practical Significance
Recommendations for Comparing Two Means
Reporting Results when Comparing Two Means
Data Analysis Involving More Than Two Conditions
ANOVA for Single-Factor Independent Groups Design
Calculating Effect Size for Designs with Three or More Independent Groups
Assessing Power for Independent Groups Designs
Comparing Means in Multiple-Group Experiments
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for Independent Groups Designs
Analysis of a Complex Design with an Interaction Effect
Analysis with No Interaction Effect
Effect Sizes for Two-Factor Design with Independent Groups
Role of Confidence Intervals in the Analysis of Complex Designs
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for a Mixed Design
Reporting Results of a Complex Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Answer to Stretching Exercise
Answer to Challenge Question 1
13. Communication in Psychology
Introduction
The Internet and Research
Guidelines for Effective Writing
Structure of a Research Report
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Footnotes
Appendices
Oral Presentations
Research Proposals
Appendix: Statistical Tables
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
Eugene B. Zechmeister is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago, a large metropolitan university where he taught both undergraduate and graduate courses. For many years at Loyola he was the Undergraduate Program Director in Psychology. Professor Zechmeister completed his B.A. in 1966 at the University of New Mexico. He later received both his M.S. (1968) and Ph.D. (1970) from Northwestern University. Professor Zechmeister has authored books on human memory, critical thinking, and statistics, as well as research methods in psychology. He has been a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association (Divisions 1,2, and 3) and the Association for Psychological Science. In 1994, he was awarded the Loyola University Sujack Award for Teaching Excellence in the College of Arts and Sciences. He currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
John J. Shaughnessy is a Professor of Psychology at Hope College, a relatively small, select, undergraduate liberal arts college in Holland, Michigan. After completing the B.S. degree at Loyola University of Chicago in 1969, he received his Ph.D. in 1972 from Northwestern University. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Society whose recent research has focused on practical aspects of memory. He is coauthor, with Benton J. Underwood, of Experimentation in Psychology (Wiley, 1975). He was selected by students in 1992 as the Hope Outstanding Professor Educator. He has served as chairperson of the psychology department and as a mentor in the College’s Faculty Development Program for younger faculty.
Jeanne S. Zechmeister was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago, where she taught undergraduate and graduate courses in research methodology since 1990. Professor Zechmeister completed her B.A. at University of Wisconsin-Madison (1983) and her M.S. (1988) and Ph.D. (1990) in Clinical Psychology at Northwestern University. Her research focused on psychological processes associated with forgiveness. Her effectiveness as a teacher is evidenced by her many years of high teacher ratings and by her being identified consistently each year by graduating seniors as one of their best teachers at Loyola. She has co-authored, with J.J. Shaughnessy and E.B. Zechmeister, the Research Methods in Psychology text since its 5th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2000, 2003, 2006) and Essentials of Research Methods in Psychology (McGraw-Hill, 2001). Dr. Zechmeister now writes professionally in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
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