Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by John Shaughnessy, ISBN-13: 978-0077825362

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Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by John Shaughnessy, ISBN-13: 978-0077825362

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ McGraw Hill; 10th edition (February 18, 2014)
• Language: ‎ English
• 512 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0077825365
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0077825362

Psychologists use a variety of research methods and tools to learn about behavior and mental processes. The goal of this book is to introduce students to the “multimethod approach” to research in psychology, including observational, survey, and experimental methods. Students learn the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as ethical dilemmas when using them, so that they can become competent practitioners and thoughtful consumers of psychological research. Our approach is to engage students in the research process by describing contemporary research in psychology. Students learn about recent topics such as online dating and Facebook, cross-cultural observations of helping behavior, PTSD in orphaned chimpanzees, Medicaid and Medicare health outcomes, decision-making during Hurricane Katrina, clinical research and DSM-5, and much more. Each chapter’s “stretching exercises,” “stat tips,” review questions, and challenge questions develop students’ critical thinking about the psychological research that appears in scientific journals and in popular media. Together with the companion Online Learning Center for students, the 10th edition of Research Methods in Psychology provides a clearly written, compelling introduction to research methods in psychology.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Part I. General Issues

1. Introduction

The Science of Psychology

Science in Context

Historical Context

Social and Cultural Context

Moral Context

Thinking Like a Researcher

Evaluating Research Findings Reported in the Media

Getting Started Doing Research

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

2. The Scientific Method

Scientific and Everyday Approaches to Knowledge

General Approach and Attitude

Observation

Concepts

Reporting

Instruments

Measurement

Hypotheses

Goals of the Scientific Method

Description

Prediction

Explanation

Application

Scientific Theory Construction and Testing

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

3. Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Introduction

Ethical Issues to Consider Before Beginning Research

The Risk/Benefit Ratio

Determining Risk

Minimal Risk

Dealing with Risk

Informed Consent

Deception in Psychological Research

Debriefing

Research with Animals

Reporting of Psychological Research

Steps for Ethical Compliance

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Part II. Descriptive Methods

4. Observation

Overview

Sampling Behavior

Time Sampling

Situation Sampling

Observational Methods

Direct Observational Methods

Observation without Intervention

Observation with Intervention

Indirect (Unobtrusive) Observational Methods

Physical Traces

Archival Records

Recording Behavior

Comprehensive Records of Behavior

Selected Records of Behavior

Analysis of Observational Data

Qualitative Data Analysis

Quantitative Data Analysis

Thinking Critically About Observational Research

Influence of the Observer

Observer Bias

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

5. Survey Research

Overview

Uses of Surveys

Characteristics of Surveys

Sampling in Survey Research

Basic Terms of Sampling

Approaches to Sampling

Survey Methods

Mail Surveys

Personal Interviews

Telephone Interviews

Internet Surveys

Survey-Research Designs

Cross-Sectional Design

Successive Independent Samples Design

Longitudinal Design

Questionnaires

Questionnaires as Instruments

Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Measures

Constructing a Questionnaire

Thinking Critically About Survey Research

Correspondence Between Reported and Actual Behavior

Correlation and Causality

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise I

Answer to Stretching Exercise II

Answer to Challenge Question 1

Part III. Experimental Methods

6. Independent Groups Designs

Overview

Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments

Logic of Experimental Research

Random Groups Design

An Example of a Random Groups Design

Block Randomization

Threats to Internal Validity

Analysis and Interpretation of Experimental Findings

The Role of Data Analysis in Experiments

Describing the Results

Confirming What the Results Reveal

What Data Analysis Can’t Tell Us

Establishing the External Validity of Experimental Findings

Matched Groups Design

Natural Groups Design

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise I

Answer to Stretching Exercise II

Answer to Challenge Question 1

7. Repeated Measures Designs

Overview

Why Researchers Use Repeated Measures Designs

The Role of Practice Effects in Repeated Measures Designs

Defining Practice Effects

Balancing Practice Effects in the Complete Design

Balancing Practice Effects in the Incomplete Design

Data Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs

Describing the Results

Confirming What the Results Reveal

The Problem of Differential Transfer

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

8. Complex Designs

Overview

Describing Effects in a Complex Design

An Example of a 2 × 2 Design

Main Effects and Interaction Effects

Describing Interaction Effects

Complex Designs with Three Independent Variables

Analysis of Complex Designs

Analysis Plan with an Interaction Effect

Analysis Plan with No Interaction Effect

Interpreting Interaction Effects

Interaction Effects and Theory Testing

Interaction Effects and External Validity

Interaction Effects and Ceiling and Floor Effects

Interaction Effects and the Natural Groups Design

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise I

Answer to Stretching Exercise II

Answer to Challenge Question 1

Part IV. Applied Research

9. Single-Case Research Designs

Overview

The Case Study Method

Characteristics

Advantages of the Case Study Method

Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

Thinking Critically About Testimonials Based on a Case Study

Single-Case (Small-N) Experimental Designs

Characteristics of Single-Case Experiments

Specific Experimental Designs

Problems and Limitations Common to All Single-Case Designs

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

10. Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Overview

True Experiments

Characteristics of True Experiments

Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings

Threats to Internal Validity Controlled by True Experiments

Problems That Even True Experiments May Not Control

Quasi-Experiments

The Nonequivalent Control Group Design

Nonequivalent Control Group Design: The Langer and Rodin Study

Threats to Internal Validity in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design

The Issue of External Validity

Interrupted Time-Series Designs

Time Series with Nonequivalent Control Group

Program Evaluation

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

Part V. Analyzing and Reporting Research

11. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation

Overview

The Analysis Story

Computer-Assisted Data Analysis

Illustration: Data Analysis for an Experiment Comparing Means

Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data

Stage 2: Summarizing the Data

Stage 3: Using Confidence Intervals to Confirm What the Data Reveal

Illustration: Data Analysis for a Correlational Study

Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data

Stage 2: Summarizing the Data

Stage 3: Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Correlation

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

12. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis St

Overview

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

Experimental Sensitivity and Statistical Power

NHST: Comparing Two Means

Independent Groups

Repeated Measures Designs

Statistical Significance and Scientific or Practical Significance

Recommendations for Comparing Two Means

Reporting Results when Comparing Two Means

Data Analysis Involving More Than Two Conditions

ANOVA for Single-Factor Independent Groups Design

Calculating Effect Size for Designs with Three or More Independent Groups

Assessing Power for Independent Groups Designs

Comparing Means in Multiple-Group Experiments

Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for Independent Groups Designs

Analysis of a Complex Design with an Interaction Effect

Analysis with No Interaction Effect

Effect Sizes for Two-Factor Design with Independent Groups

Role of Confidence Intervals in the Analysis of Complex Designs

Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for a Mixed Design

Reporting Results of a Complex Design

Summary

Key Concepts

Review Questions

Challenge Questions

Answer to Stretching Exercise

Answer to Challenge Question 1

13. Communication in Psychology

Introduction

The Internet and Research

Guidelines for Effective Writing

Structure of a Research Report

Title Page

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References

Footnotes

Appendices

Oral Presentations

Research Proposals

Appendix: Statistical Tables

Glossary

References

Credits

Name Index

Subject Index

Eugene B. Zechmeister is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago, a large metropolitan university where he taught both undergraduate and graduate courses. For many years at Loyola he was the Undergraduate Program Director in Psychology. Professor Zechmeister completed his B.A. in 1966 at the University of New Mexico. He later received both his M.S. (1968) and Ph.D. (1970) from Northwestern University. Professor Zechmeister has authored books on human memory, critical thinking, and statistics, as well as research methods in psychology. He has been a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association (Divisions 1,2, and 3) and the Association for Psychological Science. In 1994, he was awarded the Loyola University Sujack Award for Teaching Excellence in the College of Arts and Sciences. He currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

John J. Shaughnessy is a Professor of Psychology at Hope College, a relatively small, select, undergraduate liberal arts college in Holland, Michigan. After completing the B.S. degree at Loyola University of Chicago in 1969, he received his Ph.D. in 1972 from Northwestern University. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Society whose recent research has focused on practical aspects of memory. He is coauthor, with Benton J. Underwood, of Experimentation in Psychology (Wiley, 1975). He was selected by students in 1992 as the Hope Outstanding Professor Educator. He has served as chairperson of the psychology department and as a mentor in the College’s Faculty Development Program for younger faculty.

Jeanne S. Zechmeister was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago, where she taught undergraduate and graduate courses in research methodology since 1990. Professor Zechmeister completed her B.A. at University of Wisconsin-Madison (1983) and her M.S. (1988) and Ph.D. (1990) in Clinical Psychology at Northwestern University. Her research focused on psychological processes associated with forgiveness. Her effectiveness as a teacher is evidenced by her many years of high teacher ratings and by her being identified consistently each year by graduating seniors as one of their best teachers at Loyola. She has co-authored, with J.J. Shaughnessy and E.B. Zechmeister, the Research Methods in Psychology text since its 5th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2000, 2003, 2006) and Essentials of Research Methods in Psychology (McGraw-Hill, 2001). Dr. Zechmeister now writes professionally in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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