Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice 6th Edition by Nancey G. Leigh, ISBN-13: 978-1506363998

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Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice 6th Edition by Nancey G. Leigh, ISBN-13: 978-1506363998

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• Publisher: ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; 6th edition (December 22, 2016)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎536 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1506363997
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1506363998

Written by authors with years of academic, regional, and city planning experience, the classic Planning Local Economic Development has laid the foundation for practitioners and academics working in planning and policy development for generations. With deeper coverage of sustainability and resiliency, the new Sixth Edition explores the theories of local economic development while addressing the issues and opportunities faced by cities, towns, and local entities in crafting their economic destinies within the global economy. Nancey Green Leigh and Edward J. Blakely provide a thoroughly up-to-date exploration of planning processes, analytical techniques and data, and locality, business, and human resource development, as well as advanced technology and sustainable economic development strategies.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Overview

1. The Enduring Argument for Local Economic Development Planning

Local Economic Development Planning in the Face of Globalization

The Influence of Outsourcing and Insourcing

Networks

The Geography of the New Economy

Economic Developments 1.1: The New Economy

People and Places Left Out of the New Economy

Growing Income and Earnings Inequality

Growing Racial Inequality

Economic Developments 1.2: What Is Happening to the Middle Class?

The Working Poor

The Decline in Good Jobs

The Rise of the Foreign-Born Population

Prison Populations

Economic Developments 1.3: Five Keys Charter School Provides Education Access to Prisoners in California

Growing Spatial Inequality

Increasing Metropolitan Inequality

Increasing Rural Inequality

Shaping Global Warming: The U.S. Economic Engine

The Future of Local Economic Development Planning

References and Suggested Readings

2. The Influence of National and State Policies on Local Economic Development

Three Approaches to National Economic Policy

Monetary and Tax Policy

Trade Policy

Welfare to Workfare Policy

Health Care Policy

Employment Policy

National Policy Targeting Local Economic Development

Economic Developments 2.1: Crisis and Response: Lasting Effects of the Great Recession

Coordination of Local and National Development Efforts

State Economic Development Approaches

Phases of Economic Development

Challenges and Opportunities Inherent in Economic Development Policy Making

Conclusion

Economic Developments 2.2: Natural Disasters’ Impacts on Economic Development

Appendix 2.1: Economic Development Funding by Major Federal Agencies (in millions of dollars)

Notes

References and Suggested Readings

3. Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development

Defining Local Economic Development

Theories of Growth and Development

Neoclassical Economic Theory

Economic Base Theory

Product Cycle Theory

Location Theories

Central Place Theory

Translating Theory Into Practice

Attraction Models

New Markets Model

Theories, Models, and Fads in Local Economic Development Planning

The Continued Evolution of Economic Development Theory Into Local Practice

Locality

Business and the Economic Base

Employment Resources

Community Resources

Conclusion

Appendix 3.1: Summary of Economic Development Theories

Notes

References and Suggested Readings

4. The Local Economic Development Profession and Professionals

The Role of the Economic Development Practitioner

The Community

The Organization

The Task Functions

The Clients

The Professional Roles

Economic Development Careers

Summary and Conclusion

References and Suggested Readings

5. The Local Economic Development Planning Process

Preliminary Tasks of Local Economic Development Planning

Identifying the Planners

Determining Geographic Scope

The Six Phases of Planning

Managing Planning Resources in the Community

Determining the Physical Environment

Facing the Regulatory Environment as a Planning Resource

Preparing the Attitudinal Environment

Selecting a Local Economic Development Role

Entrepreneur or Developer

Coordinator

Facilitator

Stimulator

Typology of Planning Approaches

Recruitment Planning (Preactive)

Impact Planning (Reactive)

Contingency Planning (Interactive)

Strategic Planning (Proactive)

Features of Local Economic Development Planning

Targeting Zones of Action

Building Community-Level Institutions for Development

Expanding Local Ownership

Merging the Resources of the Social Welfare System

Linking Employment and Economic Development Policies and Programs

Building Quality Jobs

Public–Private Venturing

Conclusion

Putting It All Together: Creating a Local Economic Development Strategy (Part 1)

PLED Problem Solving 5.1: Case Study, Part 1

References and Suggested Readings

6. Introduction to Analytical Methods for Local Economic Development Planning

Information and Analytical Requirements for Local Economic Development Planning

Understanding an Economy’s Strengths and Weaknesses

The Economic Profile

Demographics

Quality of Life

Income and Wages

Labor Force Characteristics

Business Establishments by Industry Sector and Employment Size

International Linkages

Research Base and Higher Education Resources

Transportation, Utilities, Taxes, Land/Building Availability, and Environmental Regulations

Building on Comparisons

Gathering Available Descriptive Data

Local Agencies and Individuals

Industrial Classifications

Occupational Data

Census of the Population

Employer Reports

Private Data

Examining Analytical Techniques

Economic Base Analysis as a Foundation for Economic Development Planning

Location Quotients for Base Analysis

Data Requirements for Location Quotients

The Growing Parts of a Local Economy: Understanding Where Jobs Will Be in the Future

Rationale for a Dynamic Analysis

Analysis Tool: Shift-Share Analysis

Principles of Economic Projections

How Do Changes Multiply Through the Economy?

The Concept of Cumulative Change

Analysis Tool: Input–Output Analysis

Using Input–Output Analysis in Local Economic Development

Identifying Industrial Clusters: The Most Important Parts of the Local Economy

Local Networks of Buying and Selling

Analysis Tool: Cluster Analysis

Cincinnati USA Partnership Cluster Work 8 Years Later

PLED Problem Solving 6.1: Cluster Case Study: Cincinnati, Ohio, Metropolitan Area

Using Clusters in Local Economic Analysis

Social Network Analysis

Conclusion

Putting It All Together: Creating a Local Economic Development Strategy (Part 2)

PLED Problem Solving 6.2: Case Study, Part 2

Notes

References and Suggested Readings

7. Local Economic Development Strategy

The Goals of Local Economic Development

Achieve Local Economic Stability

Build a Diverse Economic and Employment Base

Promote Local Sustainability

Prerequisites for Successful Strategy Formulation

Selecting Strategic Options

The Locality Development Strategy Option (the Built Environment Dimension)

The Business Development Strategy Option (the Demand Side)

The Human Resource Development Option (the Supply Side)

Economic Development Plans Within the Context of Comprehensive Plans

The Community-Based Employment Development Strategy Option (the Neighborhood Dimension)

Common Traps in Strategy Formulation

Assembling the Elements of a Strategy

Target Characteristics

Methods of Development

Forms of Local Organization

Time Frame

Projects From Strategies

Describing Project Outcomes

Specifying Strategic Resources

Plan Financing and Implementation

Conclusion

References and Suggested Readings

8. Locality Development

The Link Between Economic Development and Urban Design

Landbanking and Community Land Trusts

Brownfield Redevelopment: A Priority of Locality Development

Physical Infrastructure Development on Industrial and Commercial Land

Speculative Buildings

Zoning Regulations

Business Improvement Districts

Regulatory Improvement Through Simplification

Townscaping

Shopsteading

Housing and Neighborhood Improvement

Household Services

Community Services

Economic Developments 8.1: University-Led Revitalization Strategies

PLED Problem Solving 8.1: Community Building Through Ownership

PLED Problem Solving 8.2: Revitalizing the Center

PLED Problem Solving 8.3: The Portside Plan

Conclusion

References and Suggested Readings

9. Business Development

Creating a Good Business Climate

Entrepreneur Development and Economic Gardening

Entrepreneurial Community Program: Growing an Economic Garden

One-Stop Business Assistance Centers

Start-Up and Venture Financing Companies and Development Banks

Small Business Development Centers

Microenterprise

Women’s Enterprises

Promotion and Tourism Programs

Research and Development

Enterprise Zones

Incentivizing or Subsidizing Local Economic Development?

U.S. Versus International Perspectives

Economic Developments 9.1: #Subsidizing Twitter

Economic Developments 9.2: Roasted by Regulation: Starbucks Coffee’s Selective Tax Advantages in the Netherlands

Conclusion

Economic Developments 9.3: Targeting Retail Gaps in a Low- to Moderate-Income City

Economic Developments 9.4: Mobile Entrepreneurs: Portland Food Carts

Economic Developments 9.5: Small-Town Ideas Spur Big-Time Manufacturing Growth

PLED Problem Solving 9.1: Community-Based Business

PLED Problem Solving 9.2: A Small Town Determines Its Own Destiny

PLED Problem Solving 9.3: An Incubator as a Revitalization Tool

Notes

References and Suggested Readings

10. Human Resource Development

Workforce Development

Realities of an Undertrained Workforce

Public Role in Workforce Development

Goals of Human Resource Programs

Matching Human Resource Programs and Economic Development Objectives

Workforce Investment Boards

First-Source or Targeted Hiring Agreements

Employment Maintenance

Skill Banks

Training Programs

Customized Training

Competency-Based Training

Comprehensive Training to Meet Social Needs

Youth Enterprise

University–Industry Technology Transfer

Self-Employment Initiatives

Career Ladders

Disabled Persons Skills Development

Education as the Foundation of Human Resource Development

Implementation of a Human Resource Development Strategy

Economic Developments 10.1: Betting on Downtown Las Vegas

Economic Developments 10.2: A Holistic Approach to Workforce Development

Economic Developments 10.3: The Inverclyde Training Trust

Economic Developments 10.4: The Mark of the Maker Movement

PLED Problem Solving 10.1: Employment Planning as Economic Development

PLED Problem Solving 10.2: Young Need a Job—Make Your Own!

Conclusion

References and Suggested Readings

11. Community Economic Development

Economic Developments 11.1: Brownfield Redevelopment Principles to Prevent Neighborhood Gentrification

Community Development Corporations

Institutional Advantages of Community Development Corporations

Challenges for Community Economic Development

Community Reinvestment Programs

Community Cooperatives

Local Enterprise Agencies

Employee/Worker Ownerships

Employee Stock Ownership Plans

Worker Cooperatives

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development

Targeting and Marketing Neighborhood/Community Assets

Identification of the Community’s Long-Term Goals

Marketing of the Community

Incentives and Community Benefits Agreements

The Community Prospectus: A Means of Communicating the Qualities of Your Community

Local Government’s Role in Community Economic Development

Conclusion

Economic Developments 11.2: East Gateway District: Bridging the Gap Between Community and Economic Development

PLED Problem Solving 11.1: Workers as Owners

PLED Problem Solving 11.2: A Community Finds a Business

PLED Problem Solving 11.3: New Freedom House

References and Suggested Readings

12. Building the Implementation Plan

Public–Private Partnerships

Marketing Community

Components of Good Community Marketing Analysis and Designing a Marketing Plan

Community (City or Neighborhood) Marketing Plan

Economic Developments 12.1: Marketing Tools for Communicating a Community’s Assets to the Marketplace

Project Financing

Project Viability Assessment

Community Viability

Locational Viability

Commercial Viability

Implementation Viability

Sustainability Assessment

Detailed Feasibility Analysis

Market Analysis

Financial Analysis

Break-Even Analysis

Development of Financial Scenarios

Cash Flow Analysis

The Profit and Loss Statement

The Corporate Shift to Sustainability

Project Sustainability

Cash Flow Projections

The Projected Return on Investment Ratio

Cost–Benefit Analysis

Organizational Design

Using the Feasibility Study

Business Plan Preparation

Monitoring and Evaluation Program

Criteria to Be Used in Evaluation

Evaluation Techniques

Time Schedules for Conducting the Evaluation

Budget for Evaluation

Organization and Staff Requirements for Evaluation

Conclusion

Note

References and Suggested Readings

13. Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development

Organizational Requirements for Local Development

Public–Private Partnerships

The Economic Development Specialist

Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development

A Typology of Development Organizations

Economic Development Agencies as Units of Local Government

Independent Private Development Agencies

Economic Development Corporations

Summary of Institutional Approaches

Conclusion

References and Suggested Readings

14. Local Economic Development Planning’s Response to a Global Economy and Climate-Challenged Planet

Finding Solutions Through Innovation and Technology

The Technology Development Process

Advanced Technology Regional Choice Model

Fostering the Advanced Technology Community

Human Resources

Education and Research Facilities

Environmental Quality and Community Amenities

Business and Support Institutions

Enterprise or Incubator Facilities

Advanced Manufacturing and Clean Technology

Resiliency in Local Economic Development

Local Economic Development Planning for Resiliency

Economic Developments 14.1: A Path Toward More Resilient Cities

PLED Problem Solving 14.1: Community Resilience: The Next Stage in Business Community Thinking?

Conclusion: The Future of Local Economic Development Planning

Four Strategies to Foster Structural Change in Local Economic Development Planning and Practice

The Way Forward

Notes

References and Suggested Readings

Index

About the Authors

Nancey Green Leigh is a Professor and PhD Program Director in the School of City and Regional Planning Program at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She is a Fellow of the American lnstitute of Certified Planners and Co-Editor of the Journal of Planning Education and Research. Leigh teaches, conducts research, and publishes in the areas of local economic development planning, urban and regional development, brownfield redevelopment, and sustainable urban industrial systems.She is the author of Stemming Middle Class Decline: The Challenge to Economic Development Planning, and coauthor (with Joan Fitzgerald) of Economic Revitalization: Cases and Strategies for City and Suburb. Some of the journals she has published in are Economic Development Quarterly, Journal of Planning Education and Research, Journal of the American Planning Association, Journal of Industrial Ecology, International Regional Science Review, Journal of Resource Conservation and Recycling, Growth and Change, Journal of Urban Technology, IEDC Economic Development Journal, and the Journal of Planning Literature. She obtained her B.A. in urban studies and a master′s in regional planning from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a master′s in economics and a Ph.D. in city and regional planning from the University of California at Berkeley. She is a former Woodrow Wilson Fellow and Regents Fellow of the University of California at Berkeley and past Vice President of the Association of The Collegiate Schools of Planning.

Dr. Edward J. Blakely is Professor of Urban Policy in the United States Study Centre at the University of Sydney, Australia. He has held academic positions in teaching, research, academic administration, and economic development policy for more than 30 years, including Dean of the Robert J. Milano Graduate School of Management and Urban Policy and Dean of the University of Southern California School of Policy, Planning, and Development. He is a leading scholar and practitioner in the fields of planning and local economic development. Dr. Blakely served as a policy adviser to the mayor of Oakland and adviser to the Los Angeles Public School District. He was appointed by President Clinton as Vice Chair of the Presidio Trust, where he played a key role in the development of the former army base into a profitable civic facility. He has served on the Board of Directors of the American Planning Association, the Nature Conservancy, and Fulbright Association. In January 2007, Dr. Blakely was appointed by the Mayor of New Orleans to head the recovery effort following the devastation of Hurricane Katrina.

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