Nursing: A Concept-Based Approach to Learning Volume TWO 3rd Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0134616810

Nursing: A Concept-Based Approach to Learning Volume TWO 3rd Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0134616810

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 3rd edition (January 19, 2018)
• Language: ‎ English
• 1408 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0134616812
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0134616810

For courses in concept-based nursing.

#1 curriculum choice for concept-based schools of nursing.

Nursing: A Concept-Based Approach to Learning provides all of the core content and materials needed to deliver an effective concept-based program that develops practice-ready nurses. This three-volume series is the only concepts curriculum developed from the ground up as a cohesive, comprehensive learning system. An intentional instructional design and learning pattern fosters connections between concepts and a deep level of comprehension that can be applied broadly. Volume II focuses on 30 crucial psychosocial, reproductive, nursing, and healthcare concepts, and then turns to the nurse’s broader roles in areas such as accountability, advocacy, and safety. The 3rd edition is a full-scale, cover-to-cover revision that brings the text in line with new evidence-based practice, care, and safety guidelines.

Table of Contents:

Brief Contents of Volume 1
Brief Contents of Volume 2
Help your students learn to Think Like a Nurse with new digital learning resources in Concepts Nursing!
Nursing A Concept-Based Approach to Learning
Pearson’s Concepts Solution
What Makes Pearson’s Solution Different?
Why Teach Concept-based Learning?
Organization and Structure of the Third Edition
Structure and Features of the Concepts
Case Studies
Structure and Features of the Exemplars
Additional Features
MyLab Nursing
Resources
Concepts Editorial Board
Contributors
Reviewers
Contents
Part II Psychosocial Modules
Module 22 Addiction
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Addiction
Concept Key Terms
Addiction
Physiology and Psychology of Addiction
Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Psychologic Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Manifestations of Substance Use Disorders
Prevalence
The Language of Addiction and Recovery
Comorbidities
Effects of Addiction on Families
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Process Disorders
Concepts Related to Addiction
Health Promotion
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Promote Communication
Limit Setting and Boundary Violations
Promote Adequate Nutrition
Promote Participation in Treatment
Collaborative Therapies
Behavior-Related Therapies
Milieu Therapy
Group Therapy
Support Groups
Twelve-Step Programs
Family Therapy
Pharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
Addiction in Children and Adolescents
Addiction in Pregnant Women
Addiction in Older Adults
Impaired Nurses
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Addiction
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 22.A Alcohol Abuse
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology and Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Prevention
Clinical Manifestations of Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Intoxication and Overdose
Consequences of Chronic Use
Multisystem Effects
Alcohol Abuse and Memory
Alcohol Withdrawal
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment of Withdrawal
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Alcohol Abuse Among Adolescents
Alcohol Abuse Among Women
Alcohol Abuse Among Pregnant Women
Alcohol Abuse Among Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Patient Safety During Acute Withdrawal
Promote Safety in Outpatient and Home Settings
Promote Healthy Self-Esteem
Provide Patient Education
Evaluation
Review Alcohol Abuse
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 22.B Nicotine Use
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology and Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Smoking Cessation Programs
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Nicotine Addiction in Adolescents
Nicotine Addiction in Pregnant Women
Nicotine Addiction in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Nicotine Use
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 22.C Substance Abuse
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology and Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Caffeine
Cannabis
Central Nervous System Depressants
Psychostimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Emergency Care for Overdose
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
Substance Abuse in Pregnant Women
Substance Abuse in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
History of Past Substance Use
Medical and Psychiatric History
Psychosocial Issues
Screening Tools
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Safety
Promote Patient Safety During Withdrawal
Provide Patient Education
Evaluation
Review Substance Abuse
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 23 Cognition
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Cognition
Concept Key Terms
Normal Cognition
Key Components and Categories
Perception
Attention
Memory
Communication and Social Cognition
Motor Coordination
Executive Function
Intellectual Function
Adaptive Behavior
Physiology Review
Normal Genetic Variations
Alterations to Cognition
General Manifestations of Altered Cognitive Function
Alterations in Perception
Alterations in Attention
Alterations in Memory
Alterations in Communication 
and Social Cognition
Alterations in Motor Coordination
Alterations in Executive Function
Alterations in Intellectual Function 
and Learning
Selected Alterations for Cognition
Selected Learning Disabilities
Selected Intellectual Disabilities
Down Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Other Preventable Causes of 
Intellectual Disability
Delirium
Dementia
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other 
Psychotic Disorders
Risk Factors for Altered 
Cognitive Function
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Cognition
Health Promotion
Prevention
Screening and Early Detection
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Biophysical and Psychosocial History
History of the Current Problem
History of Prior Biophysical and 
Psychosocial Alterations
Physical and Mental Status Examination
Physical Examination
Mental Status Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Prevention and Coordination of Care
Promoting Safety and Well-Being
Advocating for Patients
Collaborative Therapies
Pharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
Cognition from Conception 
to Adolescence
Cognition from Adolescence 
to Adulthood
Cognition from Adulthood through Middle Age
Cognition in Older Adults
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Cognition
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Companion Skills Manual
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 23.A Alzheimer Disease
Exemplar Learning Objectives
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Cholinergic Hypothesis
Amyloid Hypothesis
Tau Hypothesis
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
NMDA Receptor Antagonists and Combination Agents
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Other Medications Used to Treat AD Symptoms
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Reality Orientation
Validation Therapy
Reminiscence Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Nursing Process
Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Cognitive Mental Status
Physical Examination
Functional Status
Behavioral Status
Caregiver/Living Environment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Safety and Physiologic Integrity
Promote Adaptive Functioning and Coping
Provide End-of-Life Care
Evaluation
Review Alzheimer Disease
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 23.B Delirium
Exemplar Learning Objectives
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy and Integrative Care
Lifespan Considerations
Delirium in Children
Delirium in Adolescents
Delirium in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Delirium in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Provide a Safe Environment for the Hospitalized Patient
Promote Safety in the Home
Evaluation
Review Delirium
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 23.C Schizophrenia
Exemplar Learning Objectives
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Structural Anatomic Alterations
Neurotransmitter Abnormalities
Immunologic and Inflammatory Pathways
Etiology
Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Epigenetic Factors
Psychosocial Factors
Developmental Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Symptom Types
Positive Symptoms
Negative Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Affective Symptoms
Phases of the Illness
Premorbid
Prodromal Phase
Acute Phase
Residual Phase
Comorbid Disorders
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Family Intervention and Psychoeducation
Social Skills Training
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive Remediation
Vocational Training
Community Service Models
Individual, Family, and Group Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Early-Onset Schizophrenia
Late-Onset Schizophrenia
Nursing Process
Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Mental Status Examination
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Prevent Injury
Provide Symptomatic Treatment
Educate Patients and Significant Others
Advocate for Patients
Evaluation
Review Schizophrenia
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 24 Culture and Diversity
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Culture and Diversity
Concept Key Terms
Cultural Diversity
Values and Beliefs
Cultural Transmission
Diversity
Gender
Race
Class
Homelessness
Poverty
Undocumented Immigrants
Sexual Orientation
Disability Status
Age
Disparities and Differences
Vulnerable Populations
Social Differences
Communication
Environmental Control
Religious Variations
Space
Time
Biological Variations
Susceptibility to Disease
Skin Color
Critical Thinking Questions
Concepts Related to Culture and Diversity
Developing Cultural Competence
Critical Thinking Questions
Standards of Competence
Using an Interpreter
Critical Thinking Questions
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Safety
Provide Adequate Nutrition
Promote Physical Mobility
Evaluation
Review The Concept of Culture and Diversity
Relate Link the Concepts
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 25 Development
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Development
Concept Key Terms
Normal Development
Theories of Growth and Development
Psychosocial Theories
Erikson (1902–1994)
Gould (1935– )
Peck (1919–2002)
Cognitive Theory
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
Temperament Theory
Resiliency Theory
Ecologic Theory
Moral Theories
Kohlberg (1927–1987)
Gilligan (1936– )
Spiritual Theories
Growth and Development Through the Lifespan
Infants (Birth to 1 Year)
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Play
Personality and Temperament
Communication
Toddlers (1 to 3 Years)
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Play
Personality and Temperament
Communication
Preschool Children (3 to 6 Years)
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Play
Personality and Temperament
Communication
School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Play
Personality and Temperament
Communication
Sexuality
Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Activities
Personality and Temperament
Communication
Sexuality
Adults
Young Adults
Middle Adults
Older Adults
Alterations to Development
Alterations and Manifestations
Communication
Motor Function
Cognition
Adaptive Functioning
Etiology
Prevalence
Genetic Considerations and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Development
Health Promotion
Prenatal Considerations
Environmental Factors
Screenings
Anticipatory Guidance
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient/ Family Interview
Cultural Considerations
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Collaborative Therapies
Early Intervention Services
School-based Interventions
Illness, Injury, and Trauma
Lifespan Considerations
Adolescents and Younger Adults
Pregnant Women
Older Adults
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Development
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 25.A Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Environmental Modification
Behavioral Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
ADHD in Toddlers and Preschoolers
ADHD in School-Age Children and Adolescents
ADHD in Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Administer Pharmacologic Treatments
Minimize Environmental Distractions
Implement Behavioral Management Plans
Provide Emotional Support
Promote Self-Esteem
Educate Families
Evaluation
Review Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 25.B Autism Spectrum Disorder
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Prevent Injury
Provide Anticipatory Guidance
Address Environmental Issues
Provide Supportive Care
Enhance Communication
Facilitate Community-based Care
Evaluation
Review Autism Spectrum Disorder
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 25.C Cerebral Palsy
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Term
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Surgery
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Prevent Injury
Promote Community-based Services
Provide Adequate Nutrition
Maintain Skin Integrity
Promote Physical Mobility
Promote Growth and Development
Provide Parent Education
Provide Emotional Support
Evaluation
Review Cerebral Palsy
Review Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 25.D Failure to Thrive
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Surgery
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Failure to Thrive
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 26 Family
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Family
Concept Key Terms
Normal Presentation
The Family as a Functional System
Diversity in Family Structures and Roles
Nuclear Family
Extended Family
Two-Career Family
Single-Parent Family
Adolescent Family
Foster Family
Childfree Family
Blended Family
Intergenerational Family
Cohabiting Family
Gay and Lesbian Families
Single Adults Living Alone
Stages of Family Development
Factors That Shape Family Development
Cultural Practices
Emotional Availability
Family Communication Patterns
Family Cohesion
Family Coping Mechanisms
Family Size
Parent–Child Interaction
Resiliency
Sibling Relationships
Influence of Parenting on the Family System
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents
Authoritative Parents
Permissive Parents
Neglectful Parents
Discipline and Limit Setting
Alterations in Family Function
Abuse
Death of a Family Member
Divorce
Effects of Stigma on Gay and Lesbian Families
Family Rejection of LGBTQ Youth
LGBTQ Parents
Incarcerated Parents
Military Deployment
Poverty
Trauma
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Family
Health Promotion
Risk and Protective Factors
Care in the Community
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Family Interview
Family Assessment Tools
Family Ecomap
Family Genogram
Family APGAR
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
The Friedman Family Assessment Tool
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Explore Health Beliefs
Identify Resources
Provide Patient and Family Education
Collaborative Practices
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Family
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 26.A Family Response to Health Alterations
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
The Impact of Illness on the Family System
Chronic Illness and the Family
Serious Mental Illness and the Family
Pediatric Illness and the Family
Geriatric Illness and the Family
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Family Response to Health Alterations
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 27 Grief and Loss
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Grief and Loss
Concept Key Terms
The Process of Grieving
Types and Sources of Loss
Types of Grief
Theories of Grieving
Kübler-Ross and the Five Stages of Grief
Engel and Sanders
Manifestations of Grief
Factors That Affect the Grieving Process
Age
Gender
Substance and Alcohol Abuse
Resilience
Asking for Help
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Grief and Loss
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Assessing Family Functioning
Spiritual and Cultural Considerations
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Anticipatory Grief
Helping the Patient to Cope with Death
Coping with the Loss of a Patient
Collaborative Therapies
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Children’s Grief Responses
Developmental Stage
Age 2–4
Age 5–7
Age 8–11
Age 12–18
Significance of the Loss
Death of a Parent
Death of a Grandparent
Death of a Sibling
Death of a Friend
Other Losses
Complications
Complicated Grief Reactions
Childhood Traumatic Grief
Clinical Manifestations
Behavioral Responses to Grief
Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Nursing Care
Perinatal Loss
Causes of Perinatal Loss
Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Risk Factors and Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Changes in Fetal Activity
Grief
Disenfranchised Grief
Postpartum Depression
Spiritual and Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Nursing Care
Caring for Parents
Caring for Siblings
Older Adults’ Responses to Loss
Sources of Loss
Clinical Manifestations
Patient’s History
Complicated Grief
Spiritual and Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Nursing Care
Review The Concept of Grief and Loss
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 28 Mood and Affect
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Mood and Affect
Concept Key Terms
Normal Mood and Affect
Factors Contributing to Mood and Affect
Neurologic Function
Personality
Stress
Social Interactions
Day and Time
Gender and Age
Illness Status
Alterations to Mood and Affect
Pathophysiology of Altered Mood
Alterations and Manifestations
Common Manifestations of Altered Mood and Affect
Maladaptive Coping Responses
Altered Thought Processes
Sleep Disturbances
Somatization
Difficulties with Adaptive Functioning
Disorders of Mood and Affect
Depressive Disorders
Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
Bipolar Disorders
Postpartum Mood Disorders
Suicide
Theories of Depression
Biological Theories
Biological Rhythms
Hormonal Factors
Inflammation
Interpersonal Theory
Learning Theory
Cognitive Theory
Sociocultural Theory
Prevalence
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorders
Postpartum Depression
Suicide
Genetic Considerations and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Mood and Affect
Health Promotion
Screenings
Care in the Community
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Cultural Considerations
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Prevent Suicide and Promote Safety
Monitor Patient Response to Treatment
Support Family Functioning
Teach Assertive Behavior
Maintain Professional Boundaries
Collaborative Therapies
Pharmacologic Therapy for Depressive Disorders
Pharmacologic Therapy for Bipolar Disorders
Lithium Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Complementary Health Approaches
Exercise
Vitamin B
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Acupuncture
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Lifespan Considerations
Mood and Affect in Children and Adolescents
Mood and Affect in Pregnant Women
Mood and Affect in Older Adults
Review The Concept of Mood and Affect
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Exemplar 28.A Depression
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
Differentiating Depression from Grief
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Psychotherapy
Other Therapies
Lifespan Considerations
Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Depressive Disorders in Pregnant Women
Depressive Disorders in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Suicide Assessment
Assess for Comorbidities
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Improve Self-Esteem
Instill Hope
Evaluation
Review Depression
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 28.B Bipolar Disorders
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors and Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Key Diagnostic Criteria
Mania and Hypomania
Depressive Episodes
Mixed Features
Rapid Cycling
Cyclothymic Disorder
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Lithium Carbonate
Antiseizure Medications
Atypical Antipsychotics
Lifespan Considerations
Bipolar Disorders in Children
Bipolar Disorders in Adolescents
Bipolar Disorders in Pregnant Women
Bipolar Disorders in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Patient Safety
Promote Reality-based Thinking
Promote Improved Self-Care
Set Limits
Enhance Rest and Sleep
Evaluation
Review Bipolar Disorders
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 28.C Postpartum Depression
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Postpartum Blues
Postpartum Mood Disorders
Postpartum Depression
Risk Factors and Prevention
Genetic Considerations
Postpartum Psychosis
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Support Groups
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Postpartum Depression
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 28.D Suicide
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Influencing Factors
Genetics and Neurobiology
Interpersonal Factors
Comorbid Disorders
Social Factors
Etiology
Risk and Protective Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Behavior
Cognition
Social Isolation
Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Pharmacologic Therapy
Antidepressants
Mood Stabilizers and Antipsychotics
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
Suicide in Children
Suicide in Adolescents and Young Adults
Suicide in Pregnant Women
Suicide in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Immediate Safety
Increase Patient Knowledge
Assess and Monitor for Self-Injury Behaviors
Evaluation
Review Suicide
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
Refer Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 29 Self
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Self
Concept Key Terms
Normal Presentation
Self-concept
Personal Identity
Body Image
Role Performance
Self-Esteem
Self-Awareness
Development of Personality
Psychosocial Development Across the Lifespan
Newborns and Infants (Birth to 1 Year)
Toddlers (1 to 3 Years)
Preschool Children (3 to 6 Years)
School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)
Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)
Adults
Alterations from Normal
Alterations and Manifestations
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Personality Disorders
Prevalence
Genetic Considerations and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Self
Health Promotion
School-Based Interventions
Promoting Healthy Self-Esteem
Screenings
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Establishing the Therapeutic Relationship
Interventions for Patients with Eating Disorders
Interventions for Patients with Personality Disorders
Collaborative Therapies
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Self
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 29.A Feeding and Eating Disorders
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Treatment Settings
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Adolescents and College-age Adults
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Adults
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Pregnant Women
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Men
Feeding and Eating Disorders in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Prevent Injury
Promote a Therapeutic Relationship and Positive Self-Regard
Evaluation
Review Feeding and Eating Disorders
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 29.B Personality Disorders
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Neurobiology
Trauma History
Intrapersonal Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Psychotherapy
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Schema-Focused Therapy
Group Therapy
Family-Focused Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Personality Disorders in Childhood
Personality Disorders in Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Personality Disorders in Pregnant Women
Personality Disorders in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Safety
Promote the Therapeutic Relationship
Establish Boundaries
Evaluation
Review Personality Disorders
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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References
Module 30 Spirituality
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Spirituality
Concept Key Terms
Components of Spirituality
Spiritual Well-Being
Spiritual Distress
Spiritual Needs
Religion
Morality and Ethics
Spirituality Throughout the Lifespan
Spiritual Development of Children
Spiritual Development of Adolescents
Spiritual Development of Adults
Spiritual Development of Older Adults
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Concepts Related to Spirituality
Health Promotion and Nursing Assessment
Screening
Spiritual History and Observation
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Spiritual Practices Affecting Nursing Care
Beliefs Affecting Diet
Beliefs Related to Healing
Beliefs Related to Dress
Beliefs Related to Birth
Beliefs Related to Death
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions and Collaborative Therapies
Engaging Community-based Spiritual Care Experts and Resources
Spiritual Therapies for Home or Hospital
Collaborating with Chaplains
Review The Concept of Spirituality
Relate Link the Concepts
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 30.A Spiritual Distress
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Term
Overview
Addressing Spiritual Distress
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Provide Presence
Refer Patients for Spiritual Counseling
Evaluation
Review Spiritual Distress
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 30.B Religion
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Components of Religion
Holy Days
Sacred Writings
Sacred Symbols
Prayer and Meditation
Aspects of Religion That Affect Medical Care
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Support Religious Practices
Assist Patients with Prayer
Evaluation
Review Religion
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 31 Stress and Coping
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Stress and Coping
Concept Key Terms
Stress and Homeostasis
Stressors and the Coping Process
Types of Stressors
Daily Hassles
Internal Stressors
Environmental Stressors
The Coping Process
Cognitive Appraisal
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Effective Coping
Reappraisal and Adaptation
Theoretical Models of Stress and Coping
Stimulus-based Stress Models
Response-based Stress Models
Alarm Reaction
Stage of Resistance
Stage of Exhaustion
Transactional Model
Manifestations of Stress
Physiologic Indicators
Psychologic Indicators
Cognitive Indicators
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Concepts Related to Stress and Coping
Alterations from Normal Coping Responses
Prevalence
Genetic Considerations and Risk Factors
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Health Promotion
Nursing Assessment
Observation and Patient Interview
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Collaborative Therapies
Psychotherapy
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Pharmacologic Therapy
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Lifespan Considerations
Stress and Coping in Children and Adolescents
Stress and Coping in Older Adults
Review The Concept of Stress and Coping
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 31.A Anxiety Disorders
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Neurobiological Theories
Neurochemical Theories
Psychosocial Theories
Behavioral Theories
Genetic Theories
Humanistic Theories
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Levels of Anxiety
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Cognitive–behavioral Therapy
Integrative Health
Herbal Preparations
Massage and Therapeutic Touch
Relaxation Techniques, Yoga, and Meditation
Lifespan Considerations
Anxiety in Children
Anxiety in Adolescents
Anxiety in Pregnant Women
Anxiety in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Interventions for Mild Anxiety
Interventions for Moderate Anxiety
Interventions for Severe Anxiety
Interventions for Panic
Evaluation
Review Anxiety Disorders
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 31.B Crisis
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Crisis as an Individual Event
Characteristics of Crisis
Resilience
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Therapeutic Communication
Crisis Counseling
Crisis Intervention
Temporary Relocation
Lifespan Considerations
Children and Adolescents in Crisis
Pregnant Women in Crisis
Older Adults in Crisis
Nursing Process
Assessment
Individual Assessment
Family Assessment
Community Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Reduce Risk for Injury
Decrease Anxiety
Promote Self-Care
Promote Effective Coping
Decrease Acute Confusion
Evaluation
Review Crisis
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 31.C Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
OCD in Children and Adolescents
OCD in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Alleviate Fear
Promote Effective Coping
Promote Effective Role Performance
Promote Social Interaction
Evaluation
Review Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 32 Trauma
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Trauma Exemplars
The Concept of Trauma
Concept Key Terms
Interpersonal Violence
Abuse and Neglect
Physical Abuse
Neglect
Sexual Abuse
Emotional Abuse
Complex Trauma
Physical Assault
Sexual Assault and Rape
Homicide
Prevalence
Genetic Considerations and Risk Factors
Genetic Predispositions Toward Violence
Age
Gender
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Community and Systemic Violence
Community Violence
Workplace Violence
School Violence
Bullying
Mass Shooter Incidents
Systemic Violence
Unintentional Trauma
Major Illness or Injury
Natural Disasters
Concepts Related to Trauma
Health Promotion
Predisposing Factors
Protective Factors
Promoting Safety
Modifiable Risk Factors
Abuse Prevention
Trauma Prevention
Trauma-Informed Care
Nursing Assessment
Abuse Assessment
Trauma Assessment
Diagnostic Tests
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Independent Interventions
Interventions for Victims of Abuse
Interventions for Victims of Trauma
Collaborative Therapies
Surgery
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Trauma
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 32.A Abuse
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Etiology
Neurobiology
Psychopathology Theory
Social Learning Theory
Risk Factors
Age
Gender
Physiologic Development
Cultural Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Substance Abuse
Firearms in the Home
Prevention
Abuse Throughout the Lifespan
Infant Abuse
Child Abuse
Bullying
Youth Violence
Intimate Partner Violence
Sexual Abuse
Elder Abuse
Clinical Manifestations
Manifestations of Physical Abuse
Manifestations of Psychologic Abuse
Manifestations of Sexual Abuse
Manifestations of Neglect
Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Domestic Violence Shelters
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Promote Safety
Establish a Therapeutic Relationship
Facilitate Communication
Promote Empowerment
Evaluation
Review Abuse
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 32.B Multisystem Trauma
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Common Injuries
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Surgery
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Complementary Health Approaches
Lifespan Considerations
Infants and Toddlers with Multisystem Trauma
Children and Adolescents with Multisystem Trauma
Pregnant Women with Multisystem Trauma
Older Adults with Multisystem Trauma
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Maintain Airway Patency and Ventilation
Assess for Neurologic Deficits and Expose Obscured Areas
Promote Fluid Volume Balance
Prevent Infection
Promote Mobility
Offer Spiritual Comfort Measures
Promote Psychosocial Well-Being
Facilitate Community-Based Care
Evaluation
Review Multisystem Trauma
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 32.C Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Collaboration
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
PTSD in Children
PTSD in Adolescents
PTSD in Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 32.D Rape and Rape-Trauma Syndrome
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Influencing Factors
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Etiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Clinical Manifestations
Physical Injuries
Immediate Response
Long-term Response
Cultural Considerations
Collaboration
Diagnostic Tests
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Lifespan Considerations
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Provide Comfort
Facilitate Evidence Collection
Treat Physical Injuries
Empower the Patient
Evaluation
Review Rape and Rape-Trauma Syndrome
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Part III Reproduction Module
Module 33 Reproduction
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Reproduction Exemplars
The Concept of Reproduction
Concept Key Terms
Exemplar 33.A Antepartum Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Relief of the Common Discomforts of Pregnancy
Alterations of Pregnancy
Anemia During Pregnancy
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Sickle Cell Disease
Diabetes During Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Influence of Preexisting and Gestational Diabetes During Pregnancy
Influence of Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes on Pregnancy Outcome
Maternal Risks
Fetal–Neonatal Risks
Clinical Therapy
Laboratory Assessment of Long-term Glucose Control
Evaluation of Fetal Status
Assessment of Fetal Well-being
Maternal Assessment of Fetal Activity
Ultrasound
Transabdominal Ultrasound
Transvaginal Ultrasound
Nonstress Test
Procedure for NST
Interpretation of NST Results
Fetal Acoustic and Vibroacoustic Stimulation Tests
Biophysical Profile
Contraction Stress Test
Amniotic Fluid Analysis
Lecithin/Sphingomyelin Ratio
Phosphatidylglycerol
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Factors Affecting Maternal Nutrition
Socioeconomic Influences
Cultural, Ethnic, and Religious Influences
Psychosocial Influences
Eating Disorders
Pica
Vegetarianism
Special Dietary Considerations
Folic Acid
Use of Artificial Sweeteners
Mercury in Fish
Lactase Deficiency (Lactose Intolerance)
Foodborne Illnesses
Salmonella
Listeriosis
Hepatitis E
Maternal Weight Gain
Lifespan Considerations
Considerations for Adolescent Pregnancy
Specific Nutrient Concerns
Dietary Patterns
Counseling Issues
Risks to the Adolescent Mother
Physiologic Risks
Psychologic Risks
Sociologic Risks
Considerations for the Pregnant Woman Over Age 35
Medical Risks
Additional Concerns of the Pregnant Woman Over Age 35
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnoses
Planning
Implementation
Promote Knowledge Related to Self-care
Exercises to Prepare for Childbirth
Pelvic Tilt
Abdominal Exercises
Perineal Exercises
Inner Thigh Stretch
Evaluate Readiness for Enhanced Family Processes
Care of the Partner
Care of Siblings and Other Family Members
Identify Concerns and Promote Strengths
Evaluation
Review Antepartum Care
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
REFER Go to Pearson MyLab Nursing and eText
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
Exemplar 33.B Intrapartum Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Factors Important to Labor and Birth
Birth Passage
Fetus
Fetal Head
Fetal Attitude
Fetal Lie
Fetal Presentation
Relationship Between the Birth Passage and the Fetus
Engagement
Station
Fetal Position
Physiologic Forces of Labor
Contractions
Bearing Down
Psychosocial Considerations
Physiology of Labor
Possible Causes of Labor Onset
Myometrial Activity
Changes in the Pelvic Floor
Premonitory Signs of Labor
Lightening
Braxton Hicks Contractions
Cervical Changes
Bloody Show
Rupture of Membranes (ROM)
Sudden Burst of Energy
Other Signs
Differences Between True and False Labor
Stages of Labor and Birth
First Stage
Latent Phase
Active Phase
Transition Phase
Second Stage
Positional Changes of the Fetus
Spontaneous Birth (Vertex Presentation)
Third Stage
Placental Separation
Placental Delivery
Fourth Stage
Maternal and Fetal Response to Labor
Maternal Systemic Response to Labor
Cardiovascular System
Blood Pressure
Respiratory System
Renal System
Gastrointestinal System
Immune System and Other Blood Values
Pain
Causes of Pain During Labor
Factors Affecting Response to Pain
Fetal Response to Labor
Heart Rate
Acid–Base Status
Hemodynamic Changes
Fetal Sensation
Alterations During Intrapartum Care
Cervical Ripening
Use of Misoprostol
Use of Prostaglandin Agents
Use of Mechanical Methods
Nursing Care During Cervical Ripening
Labor Induction
Forceps-assisted Birth
Indications for Use of Forceps
Neonatal and Maternal Risks
Vacuum Extraction
Episiotomy
Preventive Measures
Episiotomy Procedure
Cesarean Birth
Indications
Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
Skin Incisions
Uterine Incisions
Analgesia and Anesthesia
Preparation for Cesarean Birth
Preparation for Repeat Cesarean Birth
Preparation for Emergency Cesarean Birth
Supporting the Partner
Immediate Postnatal Recovery Period
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
Intrapartum Risk Factors
Lifespan Considerations
The Adolescent During Labor and Delivery
Labor and Delivery Over Age 35
Nursing Process
Maternal Assessment
Intrapartum High-risk Screening
Intrapartum Physical and Psychosociocultural Assessment
Assessment of Contractions
External Electronic Monitoring of Contractions
Internal Electronic Monitoring of Contractions
Cervical Assessment
Fetal Assessment
Assessment of Fetal Position
Inspection
Palpation: Leopold Maneuvers
Vaginal Examination and Ultrasound
Auscultation of Fetal Heart Rate
Electronic Monitoring of Fetal Heart Rate
Indications for Electronic Monitoring
Methods of Electronic Monitoring
Baseline Fetal Heart Rate
Arrhythmias and Dysrhythmias
Variability
Accelerations
Decelerations
Evaluation of Fetal Heart Rate Tracings
Responses to Electronic Monitoring
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Provide Nursing Care on Admission
Provide Nursing Care During the First Stage of Labor
Latent Phase
Active Phase
Transition Phase
Promotion of Comfort
Role of the Doula
Provide Nursing Care During the Second Stage of Labor
Promotion of Comfort
Assisting During Birth
Provide Nursing Care During the Third Stage of Labor
Delivery of the Placenta
Cord Blood Analysis at Birth
Provide Nursing Care During the Fourth Stage of Labor
Evaluation
Review Intrapartum Care
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 33.C Postpartum Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Physical Adaptations
Reproductive System
Involution
Lochia
Cervical Changes
Vaginal Changes
Perineal Changes
Ovulation and Menstruation
Abdomen
Breasts and Lactogenesis
Stages of Human Milk
Gastrointestinal System
Urinary System
Vital Signs
Blood Values
Cardiovascular Changes
Neurologic and Immunologic Changes
Psychologic Adaptations
Maternal Role Attainment
Development of Family Attachment
Father–Newborn Interactions
Siblings and Others
Initial Maternal Attachment Behavior
Postpartum Weight and Nutrition
Postpartum Nutritional Status
Nutritional Care of Formula-feeding Mothers
Nutritional Care of Breastfeeding Mothers
Alterations in the Postpartum Period
Lifespan Considerations
Nursing Care of the Postpartum Adolescent
Nursing Care of the Postpartum Mother Over Age 35
Nursing Process
Assessment
Postpartum Physical Examination
Psychologic Assessment
Psychologic Assessment Risk Factors
Assessment of Early Attachment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Provide Patient Teaching
Promote Comfort and Well-Being
Enhance Attachment
Discuss Suppression of Lactation
Relieve Emotional Stress
Promote Rest
Discuss Sexual Activity and Contraception
Promote Well-being After Cesarean Birth
Provide Care for the Woman Who Places Newborn for Adoption
Evaluation
Review Postpartum Care
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 33.D Newborn Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Adaptations to Extrauterine Life
Respiratory Adaptations
Initiation of Respiration
Factors Opposing Initiation of Respiration
Cardiopulmonary Physiology
Oxygen Transport
Maintaining Respiratory Function
Characteristics of Newborn Respiration
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Hematopoietic Adaptations
Temperature Regulation
Hepatic Adaptations
Iron Storage
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Conjugation of Bilirubin
Coagulation
Physiologic Jaundice
Breastfeeding and Breast Milk Jaundice
Gastrointestinal Adaptations
Urinary Tract Adaptations
Immunologic Adaptations
Neurologic and Sensory–Perceptual Function
Intrauterine Experience
Characteristics of Newborn Neurologic Function
Periods of Reactivity
Sleep States
Alert States
Behavioral Capacities of the Newborn
Sensory Capacities of the Newborn
Visual Capacity
Auditory Capacity
Olfactory Capacity
Taste and Sucking
Tactile Capacity
Alterations of the Newborn Period
Collaboration
Nursing Process
Initial Care of the Newborn
Apgar Scoring System
Clamping the Cord
Banking Cord Blood
Newborn Identification and Security
Assessment
Timing of Newborn Assessments
Initial Physical Assessment
Establishing Gestational Age
Assessing physical maturity characteristics
Assessing neuromuscular maturity characteristics
Additional methods for estimating gestational age
Subsequent Physical Assessment
General appearance
Weight and measurement
Temperature
Skin characteristics
Birthmarks
Head
Face
Eyes
Nose
Mouth
Ears
Neck
Chest
Cry
Respirations
Heart
Abdomen
Umbilical cord
Genitals
Anus
Extremities
Back
Assessing Neurologic Status
Assessing Newborn Behavior
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Initial Care of the Newborn
Maintenance of a clear airway
Measurement of vital signs
Promotion of thermoregulation
Vitamin K deficiency
Prevention of eye infection
Early assessment of neonatal distress
Initiation of first feeding
Facilitation of parent–newborn attachment
Care of the Newborn Following Transition
Maintenance of cardiopulmonary function
Promotion of adequate hydration and nutrition
Promotion of skin integrity
Promotion of safety
Prevention of complications
Circumcision
Strengthening parent–newborn attachment
Prepare Family for Discharge
Parent teaching
General instructions for newborn care
Nasal and oral suctioning
Swaddling the newborn
Sleep and activity
Car safety considerations
Newborn screening and immunization programs
Community-based nursing care
Evaluation
Review Newborn Care
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 33.E Prematurity
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
The Preterm Newborn
Respiratory and Cardiac Physiology
Thermoregulation
Gastrointestinal Physiology
Renal Physiology
Immunologic Physiology
Neurologic Physiology
Reactivity and Behavioral States
Nutritional and Fluid Requirements
Nutritional Requirements
Methods of Feeding
Bottle feeding
Breastfeeding
Gavage Feeding
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Fluid Requirements
Long-term Needs
Alterations of Prematurity
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Maintain Respiratory Function
Maintain a Neutral Thermal Environment
Maintain Fluid and Electrolyte Status
Provide Adequate Nutrition and Prevent Fatigue During Feeding
Prevent Infection
Promote Attachment
Promote Developmentally Supportive Care
Prepare for Home Care
Evaluation
Review Prematurity
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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References
MiniModule Twins
Reproduction: Additional Content
Dizygotic Twinning
Monozygotic Twinning
Critical Thinking Application
References
Chart 1 Organ Development in the Embryo and Fetus
Chart 2 Differential Diagnosis of Pregnancy—
Subjective Changes
Chart 3 Differential Diagnosis of Pregnancy—
Objective Changes
Chart 4 Parental Reactions to Pregnancy
Chart 5 The Early Adolescent’s Response to the 
Developmental Tasks of Pregnancy
Chart 6 Intrapartum High-Risk Factors
Chart 7 Psychologic Characteristics and Nursing Support 
During the First and Second Stages of Labor
Chart 8 Deviations from Normal Labor Process Requiring Immediate Intervention
Chart 9 Comparison of Birthing Positions
Chart 10 Factors That Slow Uterine Involution
Chart 11 Uterine Stimulants Used to Prevent and 
Manage Uterine Atony
Chart 12 Essential Information for Common 
Postpartum Drugs
Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live (Meruvax 2)
Tdap
Rh Immune Globulin Specific 
for D Antigen
Reference
Chart 13 Resuming Sexual Activity After Childbirth
Chart 14 Fetal and Neonatal Circulation
Chart 15 Potential Birth Injuries
Chart 16 Congenital Anomalies: Identification and 
Care in the Newborn Period
Chart 17 Comparison of Cephalohematoma and Caput Succedaneum
Cephalohematoma
Caput Succedaneum
Chart 18 Promoting Attachment
Chart 19 What to Tell Parents About Newborn Care
Immediate Safety Measures 
for the Newborn
Voiding and Stool 
Characteristics and Patterns
Cord Care
Care Required for 
Circumcision and 
Uncircumcised Newborns
Circumcision Care
Uncircumcised Care
Techniques for Waking and Quieting Newborns
Techniques for Waking Newborns
Techniques for Quieting Baby
Signs of Illness and Use 
of Thermometer
Part IV Nursing Domain
Module 34 Assessment
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Assessment
Concept Key Terms
Types and Sources of Data
Types of Data
Sources of Data
Patient
Support People
Patient Records
Healthcare Professionals
Literature
Collecting Data
Observing
Interviewing
Planning the Interview
Time
Place
Seating Arrangement
Distance
Language
Types of Interview Questions
Stages of an Interview
The Opening
The Body
The Closing
Critical Thinking Questions
Examining
Preparing the Patient
Preparing the Environment
Positioning
Methods of Examining
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Equipment
Critical Thinking Questions
Organizing Data
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Developmental Theories
Functional Health Patterns and Body Systems
Validating Data
Interpreting Data
Knowledge
Critical Thinking Questions
Communication
Developmental Factors
Psychologic and Emotional Factors
Family History and Dynamics
Cultural Factors
Environmental Factors
Concepts Related to Assessment
Holistic Health Assessment Across the Lifespan
Assessment of Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Assessment of Newborns
Assessment of Infants
Assessment of Toddlers
Assessment of Preschoolers
Assessment of School-Age Children
Assessment of Adolescents
Assessment of Pregnant Women
Assessment of Young Adults
Assessment of Middle-aged Adults
Assessment of Older Adults
Evaluation of the Assessment Environment
Accuracy of the Health History
Social History
Functional Evaluation
Lifestyle and Health Considerations
Minimum Data Set
Review The Concept of Assessment
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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References
Module 35 Caring Interventions
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Caring Interventions
Concept Key Terms
Nursing Theories of Caring
Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Roach’s Theory of Caring as the Human Mode of Being
Boykin and Schoenhofer’s Nursing as Caring Theory
Watson’s Theory of Human Care
Benner and Wrubel’s Theory of Caring
Concepts Related to Caring Interventions
Knowledge and Caring
Empirical Knowing
Aesthetic Knowing
Personal Knowing
Ethical Knowing
Critical Thinking Questions
Caring Encounters and Holistic Nursing
Nursing Presence
Empowerment
Compassion
Competence
Critical Thinking Questions
Lifespan Considerations
Caring Interventions for Infants
Caring Interventions for Children
Caring Interventions for Adolescents
Caring Interventions for Pregnant Women
Caring Interventions for Adults
Caring Interventions for Older Adults
Caring for the Caregiver: Self-Care in Nursing
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiologic Needs
Safety
Belonging and Love
Critical Thinking Questions
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Choosing Wellness
Avoiding Unhealthy Behaviors
Choosing Healthy Behaviors
Review The Concept of Caring Interventions
Relate Link the Concepts
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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References
Module 36 Clinical Decision Making
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Clinical Decision Making
Concept Key Terms
Critical Thinking
Intellect
Creativity
Critical Thinking Questions
Inquiry
Reasoning
Reflection
Intuition
Clinical Decision Making
Choosing Among Alternatives
Problem Solving
The Nursing Process
Critical Thinking Questions
Trial and Error
Intuition
The Scientific Method
Critical Thinking Questions
Clinical Judgment
Benner’s Skill Acquisition Model
Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model
Lasater’s Clinical Judgment Rubric
Lifespan Considerations
Clinical Decision Making Involving Children
Clinical Decision Making Involving Pregnant Women
Clinical Decision Making Involving Older Adults
Concepts Related to Clinical Decision Making
Review The Concept of Clinical Decision Making
RELATE Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 36.A The Nursing Process
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Assessment
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Diagnosis
Common Terms
Nursing Diagnosis Versus Medical Diagnosis
Critical Thinking Questions
Types of Nursing Diagnoses
Components of a Nursing Diagnosis
The Diagnostic Label
The Etiology (Related Factors and Risk Factors)
The Defining Characteristics
Developing a Nursing Diagnosis
Writing a Nursing Diagnosis Statement
Basic Two-Part Statement
Basic Three-Part Statement
Basic One-Part Statement
Common Variations
Avoiding Errors in Diagnostic Statements
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Planning
Long-Term and Short-Term Goals
Developing a Goal
Writing a Goal
Specific Single Action
Measurable
Attainable (Achievable)
Relevant
Time Limited
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Implementation
Nursing Interventions
Types of Nursing Interventions
Considerations When Selecting Interventions
Writing a Nursing Intervention
The Process of Implementation
Preassessment of the Patient
Determining the Nurse’s Need for Assistance
Implementing Nursing Interventions
Delegation
Documentation
Skills Necessary for Implementation
Relationship to Other Nursing Process Phases
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Evaluation
Critical Thinking Questions
Drawing Conclusions
Developing an Evaluation
Writing an Evaluation
Continuing, Modifying, or Terminating the Nursing Plan of Care
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Revising Patient Goals
Selecting New Nursing Interventions
Method of Implementation
Relationship to Other Nursing Process Phases
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Lifespan Considerations
Applying the Nursing Process to Children
Critical Thinking Questions
Applying the Nursing Process to Older Adults
Review The Nursing Process
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 36.B The Nursing Plan of Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Accessibility
Guidelines
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Column Plan
Concept Map
Standardized Plan
Clinical Pathway
Review The Nursing Plan of Care
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 36.C Prioritizing Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Identifying What to Prioritize
Assessment
The Nursing Process
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Low Priority
Medium Priority
High Priority
Categorizing Priorities
Time Constraints
The Urgency Factor
Nonacute
Acute
Critical
Imminent Death
Ranking Activities
Priority 1 or Must Do
Priority 2 or Should Do
Priority 3 or Nice to Do
Triage
Emergent (or Immediate)
Urgent (or Delayed)
Nonurgent (or Minor)
Factors to Consider When Prioritizing Care
Ethics
Safety
Availability of Resources
Time Management
Multiple Patients
Patient Preferences
Change in Patient Condition
The Unexpected
Nurse Self-Care
Delegation
Pitfalls of Prioritization
Prioritizing Without Assessment
Incomplete Assessment
Relying Solely on Another’s Assessment
Failing to Do Periodic Reassessments
Poor Time Management
Not Involving Patients in Their Care
Inappropriate Delegation
Doing the Easiest Tasks First
Review Prioritizing Care
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 37 Collaboration
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Collaboration
Concept Key Terms
The Nurse as Collaborator
Concepts Related to Collaboration
Competencies Basic to Collaboration
Communication Skills
Mutual Respect and Trust
Decision Making
Critical Thinking Questions
Interprofessional Collaborative Practice
Benefits of Interprofessional Collaboration
The Process of Interprofessional Collaboration
Interprofessional Settings
Conflict Prevention and Management
Types of Conflict
Levels of Conflict
Covert and Overt Conflict
Causes of Conflict
The Nurse–Physician Relationship
The Nurse–Patient Relationship
Critical Thinking Questions
Developing Conflict Competence
Preventing Conflict
Responding to Conflict
Managing Conflict Within the Healthcare Team
Managing Conflict with Patients and Families
Incivility in the Workplace
Workplace Bullying
Maintaining a Culture of Excellence
Critical Thinking Questions
Review The Concept of Collaboration
RELATE Link the Concepts
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References
Module 38 Communication
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Communication Exemplars
The Concept of Communication
Concept Key Terms
The Communication Process
Sender
Message
Receiver
Response
Modes of Communication
Verbal Communication
Pace and Intonation
Simplicity
Clarity and Brevity
Timing and Relevance
Adaptability
Credibility
Humor
Nonverbal Communication
Personal Appearance
Posture and Gait
Facial Expression
Gestures
Electronic Communication
Advantages
Disadvantages
When Not to Use Electronic Communications Media
Other Guidelines
Written Communication
Characteristics of Effective Written Communication
Concepts Related to Communication
Factors Influencing the Communication Process
Development
Gender
Sociocultural Characteristics
Values and Perceptions
Personal Space
Territoriality
Roles and Relationships
Environment
Congruence
Interpersonal Attitudes
Barriers to Communication
Types of Communicators
Critical Thinking Questions
Assertive Communication
Benefits of Assertive Communication
Techniques for Assertive Communication
Lifespan Considerations
Communicating with Infants
Communicating with Toddlers and Preschoolers
Communicating with School-age Children
Communicating with Adolescents
Communicating with Adults
Communicating with Pregnant Women
Communicating with Older Adults
Nursing Process
Assessment
Language Deficits
Sensory Deficits
Cognitive Impairments
Other Impairments
Style of Communication
Verbal Communication
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Manipulate the Environment
Provide Support
Critical Thinking Questions
Employ Measures to Enhance Communication
Avoid Potential Cultural Barriers to Communication
Evaluation
Nursing Practice
Review The Concept of Communication
RELATE Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 38.A Groups and Group Communication
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Groups
Types of Groups
Functions of Groups
Levels of Group Formality
Characteristics of Effective Groups
Group Communications
Group Dynamics
Commitment
Decision-making Methods
Member Behavior
Cohesiveness
Power
Group Problems
Monopolizing
Groupthink
Scapegoating
Silence and Apathy
Transference and Countertransference
Healthcare Groups
Committees or Teams
Task Forces
Teaching Groups
Self-Help Groups
Therapy Groups
Work-related Social Support Groups
Review Groups and Group Communication
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 38.B Therapeutic Communication
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Empathizing
Active Listening
Physical Attending
Using Silence
Reflecting
Reflecting Content
Critical Thinking Questions
Reflecting Feelings
Imparting Information
Avoiding Self-disclosure
Clarifying
Critical Thinking Questions
Paraphrasing
Checking Perceptions
Questioning
Structuring
Pinpointing
Linking
Giving Feedback
Confronting
Summarizing
Processing
Critical Thinking Questions
Common Mistakes
Critical Thinking Questions
The Therapeutic Relationship
Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship
Preinteraction Phase
Introductory Phase
Critical Thinking Questions
Working Phase
Termination Phase
Developing Therapeutic Relationships
Lifespan Considerations
Communicating with Children and Families
Establishing Rapport with Children
Establishing Trust with Children and Families
Communicating with Pregnant Women
Communicating with Older Adults and Their Families
Conclusion
Review Therapeutic Communication
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 38.C Documentation
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Ethical and Legal Considerations
Ensuring Confidentiality of Electronic Records
Purposes of Patient Records
Documentation Systems
Source-oriented Record
Problem-oriented Medical Record
Database
Problem List
Plan of Care
Progress Notes
PIE Model
Focus Charting
Charting by Exception
Electronic Documentation
Case Management
Documenting Nursing Activities
Admission Nursing Assessment
Nursing Care Plans
Flow Sheets
Progress Notes
Nursing Discharge/Referral Summaries
Facility-specific Documentation
Long-term Care Documentation
Home Care Documentation
General Guidelines for Recording
Date and Time
Timing
Accepted Terminology
Correct Spelling
Signature
Accuracy
Sequence
Appropriateness
Completeness
Conciseness
Legal Prudence
Review Documentation
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 38.D Reporting
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Handoff Communication
Change-of-Shift Report
SBAR
Critical Thinking Questions
Telephone Communication
Telephone Reports
Telephone Orders
Care Plan Conference
Review Reporting
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 39 Managing Care
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Managing Care Exemplars
The Concept of Managing Care
Concept Key Terms
Managed Care and Care Delivery Models
Case Management
Patient-Focused Care
Differentiated Practice
Shared Governance
Case Method
Functional Method
Team Nursing
Primary Nursing
Concepts Related to Managing Care
Review The Concept of Managing Care
RELATE Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 39.A Case Management
Exemplar Learning Outcome
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
The Nurse as Case Manager
Key Elements of Case Management
Critical Thinking Questions
Critical Pathways
Case Management Across the Lifespan
At-Risk Pregnant Women
Children with Special Needs
Patients with Behavioral, Intellectual, or Mental Health Problems
Older Adults
Review Case Management
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 39.B Cost-Effective Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Payment Sources in the United States
The International Perspective
Factors Influencing the Provision of Healthcare
Supply and Demand
Separate Billing for Nursing Services
Cost-Containment Strategies
Competition
Price Controls
Vertically Integrated Health Services Organizations
Cost Containment and the ACA
Nursing Economics
Nursing Shortages
Cost-conscious Nursing Practice
Review Cost-Effective Care
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 39.C Delegation
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Principles of Delegation
Delegating to Other Nurses
Delegating to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel
Delegation Versus Dumping
Benefits of Delegation
Benefits to the Nurse
Benefits to the Delegate
Benefits to the Manager
Benefits to the Organization
The Delegation Process
Assessment and Planning
Communication
Surveillance and Supervision
Evaluation and Feedback
Critical Thinking Questions
Factors Affecting Delegation
Assignment Patterns
Delegate Understanding, Acceptance, and Communication
Obstacles to Delegation
A Nonsupportive Environment
Delegator Insecurity
An Unwilling Delegate
Ineffective Delegation
Unnecessary Duplication
Underdelegation
Critical Thinking Questions
Reverse Delegation
Overdelegation
Liability and Delegation
Review Delegation
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 39.D Leadership and Management
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Leadership Theories
Classic Leadership Theories
Contemporary Leadership Theories
Critical Thinking Questions
Management Functions
Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling
Principles of Management
Managing Resources
Enhancing Employee Performance
Building and Managing Teams
Managing Conflict
Managing Time
Review Leadership and Management
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 40 Professionalism
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Professionalism Exemplars
The Concept of Professionalism
Concept Key Terms
Components of Professionalism in Nursing
Professional Behaviors
Teaching and Learning
Accountability
Collaboration
Critical Thinking Questions
Advocacy
Caring Interventions
Ethics
Concepts Related to Professionalism
Unprofessional Behaviors
Types of Unprofessional Behaviors
Abuses of Power
Bullying
Sexual Harassment
Improper Use of Authority
Critical Thinking Questions
Intimidation
Review The Concept of Professionalism
RELATE Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 40.A Commitment to Profession
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Factors of Professional Commitment
Types of Commitment
Stages of Commitment Development
Managing Stress
Review Commitment to Profession
RELATE Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 40.B Work Ethic
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Attendance and Punctuality
Reliability and Accountability
Attitude and Enthusiasm
Generational Differences in Work Ethic
Review Work Ethic
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 41 Teaching and Learning
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Teaching and Learning Exemplar
The Concept of Teaching and Learning
Concept Key Terms
Exemplar 41.A Patient/Consumer Education
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Teaching Environments
Teaching Individual Patients
Teaching in the Community
Critical Thinking Questions
Developing a Teaching Plan
Using the Health History
Age and Developmental Level
Understanding of the Health Problem
Health Beliefs and Practices
Cultural Factors
Economic Factors
Learning Styles
Support Systems
Using the Physical Examination
Determining Readiness to Learn
Assessing Motivation
Assessing Health Literacy
Critical Thinking Questions
Identifying Learning Needs
Learning Need as the Diagnostic Label
Deficient Knowledge as the Etiology
Establishing the Teaching Plan
Determining Teaching Priorities
Setting Learning Outcomes
Choosing Content
Selecting Teaching Strategies
Organizing Learning Experiences
Showing Flexibility
Implementing the Teaching Plan
Special Teaching Strategies
Anticipatory Guidance
Patient Contracting
Group Teaching
Technology-Assisted Instruction
Discovery/Problem Solving
Behavior Modification
Teach-Back Method
Transcultural Teaching
Evaluating Teaching and Learning
Evaluating Learning
Evaluating the Learning Experience
Documenting
Review Patient/Consumer Education
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Part V Healthcare Domain
Module 42 Accountability
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Accountability Exemplars
The Concept of Accountability
Concept Key Terms
Components of Accountability
Specialized Education
Body of Knowledge
Service Orientation
Code of Ethics
Autonomy
Professional Organization
Concepts Related to Accountability
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Socialization to Nursing
Clinical Reasoning Question Level I
Clinical Reasoning Question Level II
Factors Influencing Nursing Practice and Accountability
Economics
Consumer Demand
Science and Technology
Information Availability and Telecommunications
Legislation
The Current Nursing Shortage
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Review The Concept of Accountability
Relate Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 42.A  Competence
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Areas of Competence
Health and Wellness Promotion
Illness Prevention
Health Restoration
Caring for the Dying
Promoting Lifelong Competence
Review Competence
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 42.B Professional Development
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Historical Perspectives
Women’s Roles and Status
Religion
War
Societal Attitudes
Nursing Leaders
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)
Clara Barton (1812–1912)
Linda Richards (1841–1930)
Mary Mahoney (1845–1926)
Lillian Wald (1867–1940)
Lavinia Dock (1858–1956)
Margaret Sanger (1879–1966)
Mary Breckinridge (1881–1965)
Contemporary Nursing Practice
Definitions of Nursing
Settings for Nursing
Nurse Practice Acts
Standards of Nursing Practice
Chain of Command
Roles and Functions of the Nurse
Expanded Career Roles for Nurses
Nurse Practitioner
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Nurse Anesthetist
Nurse-Midwife
Nurse Researcher
Nurse Administrator
Nurse Educator
Nurse Entrepreneur
Clinical Nurse Leader
Review Professional Development
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 43 Advocacy
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Advocacy Exemplar
The Concept of Advocacy
Concept Key Terms
The Advocate’s Role
Attributes of the Nurse-Advocate
Safeguarding Patients’ Autonomy
Acting on Behalf of Patients
Championing Social Justice in Healthcare
Empowering the Patient
Collaborating with Other Healthcare Providers
Advocacy Programs
Professional and Public Advocacy
Advocating for Children and Families
Advocating for Vulnerable Populations
Critical Thinking Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Advocacy Interventions
Concepts Related to Advocacy
Unethical or Unsafe Practice or Unprofessional Conduct
Review The Concept of Advocacy
Relate Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 43.A  Environmental Quality
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Classification of Environmental Hazards
The Effects of Environmental Quality on Public Health
Community Responses to Environmental Issues
Advocating for Patients Affected by Their Environment
Review Environmental Quality
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
Reflect Apply Your Knowledge
References
Module 44 Ethics
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Ethics Exemplars
The Concept of Ethics
Concept Key Terms
Values
Values Essential for the Professional Nurse
Clarifying Patients’ Values
Concepts Related to Ethics
Critical Thinking Questions
Nursing Codes of Ethics
Critical Thinking Questions
Principles and Practices of Ethical Decision Making
Autonomy
Beneficence
Justice
Veracity
Applying the Principles
Strategies to Enhance Ethical Decisions and Practice
Critical Thinking Questions
Review The Concept of Ethics
Relate Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 44.A Morality
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Theories of Morality and Moral Development
Moral Frameworks
Moral Development
Moral Principles of Professional Nursing
Fidelity
Accountability and Responsibility
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Morality
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 44.B  Ethical Dilemmas
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Factors Contributing to Ethical Dilemmas
Technologic Changes
Social Changes
Conflicting Loyalties and Obligations
Ethical Dilemmas in Patient Care
HIV and AIDS
Genetic Testing
Organ Transplantation
End-of-life Issues
Advance Directives
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
Withdrawing or Withholding Life-sustaining Therapy
Withdrawing or Withholding Nutrition and Fluids
Critical Thinking Questions
Ethical Issues in Nursing Practice
Workplace Issues
Allocation of Limited Health Resources
Short Staffing
Critical Thinking Questions
Working with Patients and Families
Patient Autonomy
Patient Privacy and Confidentiality
Academic Dishonesty
Critical Thinking Questions
Coping with Ethical Dilemmas
Lifespan Considerations
Ethical Dilemmas Related to Infants and Children
Ethical Dilemmas Related to Adolescents
Ethical Dilemmas Related to Pregnant Women
Ethical Dilemmas Related to Older Adults
Review Ethical Dilemmas
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 44.C Patient Rights
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Protecting Patients’ Rights
Informed Consent
Organizational and State Protections
Patient Bills of Rights
Patient Responsibilities
Lifespan Considerations
Patient Rights Pertaining to Infants and Children
Patient Rights Pertaining to Adolescents
Patient Rights Pertaining to Pregnant Women
Patient Rights Pertaining to Older Adults
Review Patient Rights
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 45 Evidence-Based Practice
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Evidence-Based Practice
Concept Key Terms
Overview of Evidence-Based Practice
Concepts Related to Evidence-Based Practice
Nursing Clinical Research
Funding
Participants
Ethical and Legal Issues
Implications for Nursing Practice
Providing Best Evidence for EBP
Supporting Nursing as a Professional Discipline
Defining Current Best Practice Standards of Nursing Care
Developing Evidence-Based Practice
Step 1: Develop a Clinical Question
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Step 2: Retrieve the Evidence
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Step 3: Evaluate the Evidence
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Step 4: Apply the Evidence
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level I
Clinical Reasoning Questions Level II
Lifespan Considerations
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Infants
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Children
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Adolescents
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Pregnant Women
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Adults
Evidence-Based Practice in Care of Older Adults
Strategies to Implement Evidence-Based Practice
Review The Concept of Evidence-Based Practice
Relate Link the Concepts
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References
Module 46 Healthcare Systems
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Healthcare Systems Exemplar
The Concept of Healthcare Systems
Concept Key Terms
Types of Healthcare Services and Settings
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Healthcare Settings
Factors Affecting Delivery of Healthcare
Changing Demographics
Advances in Technology
Health Literacy
Frameworks for Providing Care
Managed Care
Case Management
Patient-focused Care
Access to Healthcare
Lack of Health Insurance
Lack of a Usual Source of Care
Perceptions of Need
Critical Thinking Questions
Uneven Distribution of Services
Solutions
Critical Thinking Questions
Nursing Care Delivery Systems
Functional Nursing
Team Nursing
Primary Nursing
Concepts Related to Healthcare Systems
Resource Allocation
Critical Thinking Questions
Examples of Resource Allocation
The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network
H1N1 Vaccine Distribution
Nurses and Allocation of Resources
Review The Concept of Healthcare Systems
Relate Link the Concepts
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Exemplar 46.A  Emergency Preparedness
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
The Four Phases of Emergency Management
Mitigation
Preparedness
Emergency Response
Recovery
Responsibility for Emergency Management and Response
Nursing Competencies for Emergency Response
Emergency Plans
Triage
Site-specific Disaster Zones
Bioterrorism
Collaboration
Lifespan Considerations
Emergency Considerations for Children
Emergency Considerations for Older Adults
Nursing Practice
Review Emergency Preparedness
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 47 Health Policy
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Health Policy
Concept Key Terms
Overview of Health Policy
Developing Health Policies
Concepts Related to Health Policy
Federal, State, Local, and International Agencies
Federal Agencies
Department of Health and Human Services
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
State Health Agencies
Local Health Departments
Critical Thinking Questions
International Health Agencies
Accrediting Bodies
The Joint Commission
Critical Thinking Questions
Nursing Education Program Accreditation
Professional Associations
International Council of Nurses
Sigma Theta Tau International
American Nurses Association
National Student Nurses Association
Specialty Practice Nursing Associations
Critical Thinking Questions
National League for Nursing
The American Association of Colleges of Nursing
Healthcare Funding
Private Healthcare System
Types of Private Health Insurance Plans
Medigap Policy
Federally Funded Public Healthcare
Medicare
Programs Financed at the Federal, State, and Local Levels
Medicaid
Supplemental Security Income
Children’s Health Insurance Program
State-funded Healthcare
Local/County Level Healthcare
The Affordable Care Act
Review The Concept of Health Policy
Relate Link the Concepts
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References
Module 48 Informatics
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Informatics Exemplars
The Concept of Informatics
Concept Key Terms
Exemplar 48.A Clinical Decision Support Systems
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Nurses’ Use of Clinical Decision Support Systems
Using Research
Computers in Nursing Research
Computers in Nursing Administration
Human Resources
Medical Records Management
Facilities Management
Budget and Finance
Quality Assurance and Utilization Reviews
Accreditation
Review Clinical Decision Support Systems
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 48.B Individual Information at Point of Care
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Computer-based Patient Records
Patient Monitoring and Computerized Diagnostics
Community and Home Health
Case Management
Patient Education
Review Individual Information at Point of Care
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 49 Legal Issues
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Legal Issues Exemplars
The Concept of Legal Issues
Concept Key Terms
Exemplar 49.A  Nurse Practice Acts
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Licensure
National Council of State Boards of Nursing
Nurse Licensure Compact
Credentialing
Nursing Students
Standards of Practice
Review Nurse Practice Acts
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 49.B  Advance Directives
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Critical Thinking Questions
Elements of an Advance Directive
Role of the Nurse
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Exemplar 49.C Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Protected Health Information
Critical Thinking Questions
Privacy Versus Confidentiality
Disclosure
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Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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Exemplar 49.D Mandatory Reporting
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Legal Requirements for Mandatory Reporting
Good Faith Immunity
Mandatory Reporting of Abuse or Neglect of Minors and Older Adults
Mandatory Reporting of Certain Injuries and Illnesses
Critical Thinking Questions
Mandatory Reporting of Nurses Who Are in Violation of the Nurse Practice Act
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Exemplar 49.E Risk Management
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Strategies for Risk Management
Implementing a Physician’s Orders
Providing Competent Nursing Care
Reducing Pediatric Medical Errors
Incident Reports
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Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
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References
Module 50 Quality Improvement
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
The Concept of Quality Improvement
Concept Key Terms
Improving the Quality of Healthcare
National Initiatives
Federal Initiatives
State and Local Initiatives
Quality Initiatives
Concepts Related to Quality Improvement
The Quality Improvement Process
Analysis of Current Protocols and Outcomes
Intraprofessional Assessment
Peer Reviews
Audits
Outcomes Management
Interprofessional Assessment
Critical Thinking Questions
Benchmarking
Targeting Areas for Improvement
Sentinel Events
Breach of Care
Risk Management
Critical Thinking Questions
Identifying Factors That Promote Better Outcomes
Root Cause Analysis
Reducing Medication Errors
Staffing Practices in Nursing
Resource Utilization
Blame-free Environment
Just Culture
Personal Responsibility
Implementation of New Protocols
Evaluation of Efficacy of New Protocols
Quality Management Programs
Comprehensive Quality Management
Total Quality Management
Continuous Quality Improvement
Critical Thinking Questions
Six Sigma
Lean Six Sigma
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References
Module 51 Safety
Module Outline and Learning Outcomes
Safety Exemplars
The Concept of Safety
Concept Key Terms
Exemplar 51.A Health Promotion and Injury Prevention Across the Lifespan
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Term
Overview
Safety in the Perinatal Period and for Infants
The Perinatal Period
Infants
Nursing Implications
Safety for Toddlers and Preschoolers
Toddlers
Preschoolers
Nursing Implications
Safety for School-age Children and Adolescents
School-Age Children
Adolescents
Nursing Implications
Safety for Adults
Young Adults
Middle Adults
Safety for Older Adults
Safety for Individuals with Special Needs
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
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Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 51.B Patient Safety
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Safety in Home Care Settings
Safety in Healthcare Settings
Adverse Drug Events
Falls
Healthcare-associated Infections
Safety Devices
Wrong-Site Surgery
Lifespan Considerations in Healthcare Settings
Safety Considerations for Pediatric Patients
Safety Considerations for Pregnant Patients
Safety Considerations for Geriatric Patients
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Review Patient Safety
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READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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Exemplar 51.C Nurse Safety
Exemplar Learning Outcomes
Exemplar Key Terms
Overview
Regulation of Workplace Safety
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Boards of Nursing
Etiology of Injury and Illness
Prevalence
Illness and Injury Prevention in Nursing Practice
Needlestick Injuries
Chemical Exposure
Safe Patient Handling
Workplace Violence Protection
Mental Health Safety
Substance Abuse and Safety
Home Healthcare Nurses and Injuries
Review Nurse Safety
Relate Link the Concepts and Exemplars
READY Go to Volume 3: Clinical Nursing Skills
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References
Appendix A NANDA-Approved Nursing Diagnoses 2015–2017
Glossary
Combined Index
Appendix B Diagnostic Values and Laboratory Tests
Acetaminophen (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Acetone, Ketone Bodies (Serum or Plasma)
Reference Values
Purpose
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (ACHR) (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Acid Phosphatase (ACP) (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Adenovirus Antibody (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (Plasma)
Reference Values
Purpose
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Clinical Problems
Albumin (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Alcohol (Ethyl or Ethanol) (Serum or Plasma)
Reference Values
Purpose
Aldolase (ALD) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Aldosterone (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Aldosterone (Urine)
Reference Values
Purpose
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) with Isoenzyme (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purposes
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) (Serum and Amniotic Fluid)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Clinical Problems
Procedure
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Amino Acid (Urine)
Reference Values
Purpose
Aminoglycosides (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Ammonia (Plasma)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Amniotic Fluid Analysis
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Foam Stability Test
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Amylase (Urine)
Reference Values
Purpose
Amylase with Isoenzymes (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Amyloid Beta Protein Precursor (CSF)
Reference Values
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Angiography (Angiogram)
Description
Cerebral Angiography
Pulmonary Angiography
Renal Angiography
Purposes
Procedure
Renal
Pulmonary
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Anion Gap
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Antibiotic Susceptibility (Sensitivity)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Anticardiolipin Antibodies (ACA) (Serum)
Reference Value
Description
Purpose
Anticonvulsants (Blood, Serum, Plasma)
Reference Values
Purpose
Antidepressants (Tricyclics) (Serum)
Reference Values
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Plasma) Vasopressor
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Antithrombin III (Plasma) AT3, AT-III, Factor XA Inhibitor
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) (Arterial Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Acid–Base Imbalances
Purpose
Clinical Problems
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Arthrography
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Arthroscopy
Normal Findings
Purpose
Procedure
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Barbiturate (Blood)
Reference Values
Purpose
Barium Enema
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Prepreparation
Postpreparation
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Bilirubin (Indirect) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Bilirubin (Total and Direct) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Bilirubin and Bile (Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Biopsy (Bone Marrow, Breast, Endometrium, Kidney, Liver)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Bleeding Time (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Blood Urea Nitrogen/Creatinine Ratio (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Bone Densitometry
Normal Findings
Normal
Osteoporosis
Description
Bronchography (Bronchogram)
Description
Normal Findings
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Bronchoscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Calcitonin (HCT) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Calcium (Ca) and Ionized Calcium (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Calcium Channel Blockers (Serum)
Reference Values
Purpose
Carbon Monoxide, Carboxyhemoglobin (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Cardiac Catheterization
Normal Findings
Description
Purposes
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Catecholamines (Plasma)
Reference Values
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
CSF Analysis for Clinical Problems
Chlamydia (Serum and Tissue Smear or Culture)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Chloride (Cl) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Chloride (Sweat)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Cholangiography (Intravenous, Percutaneous, T-tube Cholangiography)
Normal Findings
Description
Cholesterol (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Clinical Problems
Procedure
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Chorionic Villi Biopsy (CVB)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Colonoscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Virtual Colonoscopy
Purpose
Procedure
Pretest Procedure
Preparation (Use of Golytely/Colyte Solution or Magnesium Citrate Solution)
Medication Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Colposcopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan, Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)
Normal Findings
Description
Head and Brain CT
Chest (Thoracic) CT
Abdominal CT
Spine CT
Long Bones and Joints CT
Purpose
Procedure
General Preparation for All Scans
Head CT
Neck CT
Abdominal and Pelvic CT
Chest CT
Spine CT
Bony Pelvis, Long Bone, and Joint CT
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Coombs Direct (Blood [RBCs])
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Coombs Indirect (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
C-reactive Protein (CRP) (Serum) and N High Sensitivity CRP (hs CRP)
Reference Values
N High Sensitivity CRP (hs CRP):
Description
N High Sensitivity CRP (hs CRP)
Purpose
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) (Serum), CPK Isoenzymes (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Creatinine (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Creatinine Clearance (Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Crossmatching (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Cultures (Blood, Sputum, Stool, Throat, Wound, Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Clinical Problems
Procedure
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results for Cultures
Cystoscopy, Cystography (Cystogram)
Normal Findings
Description
Purposes
Procedure
D-Dimer Test (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Digoxin (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Echocardiography (Echocardiogram)
Normal Findings
Description
M-Mode Echocardiography
Two-Dimensional (2D) Echocardiography
Spectral Doppler Echocardiography
Color Doppler Echocardiography
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Contrast Echocardiography
Stress Echocardiography
Purpose
Procedure
Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
Contrast Echocardiography
Stress Echocardiography
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Electrocardiography (Electrocardiogram—ECG or EKG), Vectorcardiography (Vectorcardiogram—VCG)
Normal Findings
Description
Vectorcardiogram (VCG)
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram—EEG)
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Pretest
Posttest
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Electromyography (Electromyogram—EMG)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Posttest
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, Esophagogastroscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Estrogen (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Ferritin (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Fetal Nonstress Test (NST) and Contraction Stress Test (CST)
Description
Fetal Nonstress Test (NST)
Contraction Stress Test (CST)
Purpose
Procedure
Nonstress Test (NST)
Contraction Stress Test (CST)
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Fluoroscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Folic Acid (Folate) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (Serum and Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase (GPT or GPUT) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (Serum)
Reference Values 0–45 unit/L (Overall Average)
Description
Purpose
Gastrointestinal (GI) Series, Upper GI Series, Barium Swallow, Small-Bowel Series, Hypotonic Duodenography
Normal Findings
Description
Purposes
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Glucose—Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Glucose—Postprandial (Fasting Blood Sugar) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Glucose Tolerance Test—Oral (OGTT) (Serum) and IV (IV-GTT)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Growth Hormone (GH), Human Growth Hormone (hGH) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Hematocrit (Hct) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Hemoglobin (HB or HGB) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Hemoglobin A1c (Hgb A1c or Hb A1c) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Holter Monitoring, Ambulatory Electrocardiography, Dynamic Electrocardiography
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Posttest
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) (Serum and Urine), Pregnancy Test
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Serum
Urine
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) or HIV* (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Immunoglobulins (Ig) (Serum), IgG, IgA, IGM, IGD, IGE
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Insulin (Serum), Insulin Antibody
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
International Normalized Ratio (INR) (Plasma)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Iron (Fe), Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC), Transferrin, Transferrin Saturation (Serum), Iron-Binding Capacity (IBC)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lactic Acid (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lactic (Lactate) Dehydrogenase (LD or LDH), LDH Isoenzymes (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Laparoscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedures
Pretest
Test Procedure
Posttest
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Lead (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) Ratio (Amniotic Fluid)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
Lipase (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lipoproteins, Lipoprotein Electrophoresis, Lipids (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lithium (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (Serum and Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Lymphocytes (T and B) (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Magnesium (Mg) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Normal Findings
Description
Magnetic Resonance of the Brain and Spine (Intracranial [IC] MRI)
Magnetic Resonance of The Heart and Coronary Arteries
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Purpose
Posttest
Procedure
Blood Flow: Extremities
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Mammography (Mammogram)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Methemoglobin (Blood), Hemoglobin M, Hb M
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Myoglobin (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Occult Blood (Feces)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Osmolality (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Osmolality (Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Ova and Parasites (O and P) (Feces), Cytology Test for Cervical Cancer
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Papanicolaou Smear (Pap Smear), Cytology Test for Cervical Cancer
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) (Plasma)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Phenothiazines (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Phenytoin Sodium (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Phosphorus (P)—Inorganic (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Platelet Aggregation and Adhesions (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Platelet Count (Blood— Thrombocytes)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Potassium (K) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Progesterone (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Prolactin (PRL) Serum, Lactogenic Hormone, Lactogen
Reference Value
Description
Purpose
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Protein (Total) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Protein (Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Prothrombin Time (PT) (Plasma)
Reference Values
Description
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Purpose
Pulmonary Function Tests
Normal Findings
Description
Pulmonary Function Tests
Purpose
Red Blood Cell Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) (Blood), Erythrocyte Indices
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Reticulocyte Count (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Retrograde Pyelography (Retrograde Pyelogram)
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Factor, RA Latex Fixation (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Sigmoidoscopy
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Sleep Studies, Polysomnography (PSG)
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Sodium (Na) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Sodium (Na) (Urine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Stress/Exercise Tests: Treadmill Exercise Electrocardiology, Exercise Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Test (Thallium/Technetium Stress Test), Nuclear Persantine (Dipyridamole) Stress Test, Nuclear Dobutamine Stress Test
Normal Findings
Description
Treadmill and Bicycle Electrocardiology
Exercise Thallium Perfusion Test
Exercise Technetium Perfusion Test
Nuclear Persantine (Dipyridamole) Stress Test
Nuclear Dobutamine Stress Test
Purpose
Procedure
Treadmill Stress Test
Bicycle Ergometer Test
Exercise Thallium Perfusion Test
Exercise Technetium Perfusion Test
Persantine (Dipyridamole) Stress Test
Nuclear Dobutamine Stress Test
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Nuclear Persantine (Dipyridamole) Stress Test
Nuclear Dobutamine Stress Test
Theophylline (Serum), Aminophylline, Theo-Dur, Theolair, Slo-Phyllin, Elixophyllin, Sustaire
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Thyroxine (T4) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Torch Screen Test, Torch Battery, Torch Titer
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Triglycerides (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Triiodothyronine (T3) (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Troponins (Serum, Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Ultrasonography
Normal Findings
Description
Abdominal Aorta
Arteries and Veins with Doppler
Brain
Breast
Carotid Artery with Doppler
Eye and Eye Orbit
Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Heart (Cardiac)
Intravascular Ultrasonography
Kidneys (Renal)
Liver (Hepatic)
Pelvis
Pancreas
Prostate (Transrectal)
Scrotum/Testes
Spleen
Thoracic (Lungs)
Thyroid
Purpose
Procedure
Brain
Breast
Doppler
Eye and Eye Orbit
Heart and Liver
Gynecologic
Obstetrics (First Trimester), Pelvic and Renal
Prostate
Scrotum
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
Uric Acid (Serum)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Uric Acid (Urine—24 Hour)
Reference Values
Urinalysis (Routine)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Urobilinogen (Urine)
Reference Values
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Ventilation (V/Q) Scan, Pulmonary Ventilation Scan
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
White Blood Cell (WBC) Total (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
White Blood Cell Differential (Blood)
Reference Values
Description
Purpose
Factors Affecting Laboratory Results
X-Ray (Chest, Heart, Flat Plate of Abdomen, Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, and Skull)
Normal Findings
Description
Purpose
Procedure
Chest
Heart
Abdomen and KUB
Skull
Skeletal
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Results
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