Issues in Aging 4th Edition by Mark Novak, ISBN-13: 978-1138214750

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Issues in Aging 4th Edition by Mark Novak, ISBN-13: 978-1138214750

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Routledge; 4th edition (February 7, 2018)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎800 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1138214752
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1138214750

Issues in Aging combines social, psychological, biological, and philosophical perspectives to present a multifaceted picture of aging. Novak illustrates both the problems and the opportunities that accompany older age. This text helps students understand the tremendous variability in aging and introduces them to careers working with older adults.

This new edition reflects the continued changes in the way we age. The fourth edition has been updated to include emerging issues in aging. These include the prevalence of HIV/AIDs in later life, current research on mental potential in old age, the creation of age friendly cities, and new options for end of life care.

Each chapter begins with a set of learning objectives to guide students in their reading, and concludes with a list of main points, questions for discussion or study, suggested readings, and relevant web sites to consult. Each chapter also includes up to date charts and graphs as well as key terms to help students understand the issues presented. Break out boxes reveal the human side of aging through the stories of individuals in real life and in the media.

Table of Contents:

Title

Copyright

CONTENTS

DETAILED CONTENTS

Preface

Chapter 1 Aging Today

Why Study Aging?

Ageism

Culture as a Source of Ageism

The Media as a Source of Ageism

Lack of Knowledge as a Source of Ageism

Some Facts on Aging Today

Victimization by Fraud

Effects of Victimization

Fear of Crime

Ageism and the Workplace

The Ageless Self: Another Form of Ageism

Ageism and the Third Age

Responses to Ageism

Change on the Horizon

The Media

The Senior Market: A New Image of Aging

Education Programs

Intergenerational Programs

Legislation and Social Action

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Notes

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 2 Theories and Methods

The Study of Aging in the Past

Gerontology Research Today

Is Gerontology a Discipline?

Theories of Aging

Two Levels of Theories

Three Theoretical Perspectives

Interpretive Perspective

Critique of the Interpretive Perspective

Functionalist Perspective

Age Stratification Theory: An Example of the Functionalist Perspective

Individual Aging

Societal Change

Critique of the Functionalist Perspective

The Life Course Perspective: A More Complex Functionalist Model

Non-normative Life Events

Normative, History-Graded Life Events

Normative, Age-Graded Life Events

Summary of the Life Course Perspective

Conflict Perspective

Critique of the Conflict Perspective

New Developments in Theory

Research Issues and Methods

APC Effects: A Challenge to Gerontology Researchers

Experimental Research

Cross-Sectional Designs

Longitudinal Designs

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

The Humanities

Information Literacy: The Challenge of the Internet

Ethical Issues in Research

Policy and Programs as the Outcome of Research

The Future of Gerontological Theory and Methods

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 3 Demography

Introduction

The Challenge of Population Aging

What Is Population Aging?

The Demographic Transition

Three Types of Societies and Population Aging

The Less Developed Nations

China: A Case Study of Population Aging in a Developing Nation

The Least Developed Nations

Ghana: A Case Study of Population Aging in a Least Developed Nation

Summary of Aging in Developing and Least Developed Nations

The Developed Nations

Japan: A Case Study of Population Aging in a Developed Nation

Population Aging in the United States

Increased Numbers of Older People

Increased Median Age of the Population

Increased Proportion of Older People

Measuring Trends

The Causes of Population Change

Migration

Death Rates

Birth Rates

The Challenges of an Aging Population

The Aging of the Older Population

Ethnic and Racial Variations

Regional Distribution

Accumulation

Recomposition

Congregation

Interstate Migration

Amenity Migration

Retirement

Moderate Disability

Major Chronic Disability

Urban–Rural Distribution

Changes in the Sex Ratio

The Impact of Population Aging

Support (or Dependency) Ratios

Critique of Dependency Ratios

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Note

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 4 Personal Health and Well-Being

Biological Aging

The Effects of Aging on Body Systems

Musculoskeletal System

Sensory Changes

Taste, Smell, and Touch

Sight

Hearing

Personal Health and Illness

Changes in Health Status

Limits on Activity Due to Physical Decline

Coping With Physical Change

Improvements in Technology

Computer Technology as a Form of Functional Support

Assistive Devices as a Form of Functional Support

Improvements in the Environment

Improvements in Self-Care

Improvements in Lifestyle

Decreased Smoking

Better Nutrition

Exercise

Stress Reduction

Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis

Successful Aging

Rowe and Kahn’s Model of Successful Aging

The SOC Model of Successful Aging

A Life Course Model of Successful Aging

Anti-aging Medicine and Science

Social Inequality and Personal Health

Health Literacy

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 5 The Psychology of Aging

Memory and Intelligence

Memory

New Approaches to the Study of Mental Function

Memory and Everyday Life

Experience and Mental Function in Later Life

Memory and Everyday Life: The Study of Reading

Summary of Memory Research

Intelligence

New Models of Mental Ability in Later Life

Plasticity and Cognitive Reserve

Stimulating the Brain for Growth in Later Life

Improving Mental Performance

A Large-Scale Training Program

Social Engagement and Mental Function

Physical Exercise and the Brain

Summary of Findings on Aging and Mental Potential

The Study of Wisdom in Later Life

Creativity

Creativity as Measured by Great Works

Creativity as Personal Expression

Self-Development in Later Life

Spirituality: The Search for Meaning in Later Life

Social Psychological Change

Disengagement Theory

Activity Theory

Continuity Theory

Psychological Disorders: Abnormal Aging

Organic Brain Disorders

Intellectual and Developmental Disability

Cognitive Impairment in Later Life

Functional Disorders

Loneliness

Depression and Suicide

Depression

Suicide

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 6 Race and Ethnicity

Who Are the Minority Elderly?

Why Study Minority Aging?

Demographic Characteristics of Dominant and Minority Group Elders

Whites: The Dominant Group Older Population

Diversity of the Minority Population

Aging of the Minority Population

Three Theories on Minority Group Aging

Multiple Jeopardy

Critique of Multiple Jeopardy Theory

Leveling Perspective

The Life Course Perspective

Institutional Completeness: An Example of Life Course Differences

Structured Inequality and Personal History

The Impact of Minority Group Membership on Aging

A Look at Four Minority Groups

African Americans

Health

Income

Family and Community Life

Social Support

African American Men

The Future of African American Aging

Hispanic Americans

Health

Elderly Hispanics: The Paradox of Poverty, Good Health, and Long Life

Income

Poverty

Family and Community Life

The Future of Hispanic American Aging

Asian Americans

Health

Income and Poverty

In Dollars

Family and Community Life

The Future of Asian American Aging

American Indians and Alaskan Natives (AIAN)

Health and Income

Family and Community Life

The Future of American Indian Aging

Responses to Minority Group Aging

Future Issues

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Notes

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 7 The Health Care System

Three Models of Health Care

The Medical Model

The Social Model

The Health Promotion Model

The U.S. Health Care System Today

Medicare

The Structure of The Program

Medicare Costs and Funding

Medicaid

Employer-Sponsored Health Care Plans

Medigap and Long-Term Care Insurance

The Health Care System and the Cost of Care

Cost of Care and the Older Population

Medicare Costs

Medicaid Costs

The Rising Personal Cost of Health Care

Public Dissatisfaction

Health Care Reform: National Legislative Action 2010

Summary of the Legislation

Structural Flaws in the System

Long-Term Care: A Response to Older People’s Needs

Institutional Care

Community-Based Services

Adult Day Care

Respite Services

Home Health Care Programs

Changes in Funding to Control Costs

Managed Care: Alternative Delivery Methods

Managed Care With a Medical Focus

Managed Care With a Community Focus

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Beyond Fitness and Personal Health Promotion

Future Issues in Health Care

Availability

Accessibility

Coordination

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Notes

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 8 Finances and Economics

Introduction

Historical Development of the U.S. Pension System

The U.S. Retirement Income System Today

Level One: Social Security

Who Gets Social Security?

A Privatized Retirement Income System: The Cure Worse Than the Disease?

Supplemental Security Income

Level Two: Employment Pensions

Individual Pension Plans

Defined Contribution Pension Plans

The Cost of Living (a Long Time)

Level Three: Personal Assets and Other Income

The Impact of the Retirement Income System on Older People’s Incomes

Inequality in Later Life

Age Differences and Income

Gender and Income

Marital Status and Income

Minority Status and Income

Further Effects of Poverty

Pension Reform

Social Security Reform

Family Care

Spousal Pensions

Widows’ Benefits

Income Limits

Supplemental Security Income Reform

Improved Benefits

Improved StateSupplements

Higher Enrollment Rates

Private Pension Reform

Vesting

Portability and Indexing

Better Private Plan Insurance

The Future

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 9 Retirement and Work

The Social Origins of Retirement

Retirement in the United States Today

A Note on Retirement and the Great Recession

Labor Force Participation

Women and Retirement

Minorities and Retirement

Alternatives to Retirement

Early Retirement

Partial Retirement

Second Careers

Encore Careers

Personal Responses to Retirement

Preretirement Planning (PRE)

Social Structures and Retirement

The Dual Economy

Displaced Workers

The Challenge of Workforce Reentry

The Future of Retirement

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 10 Housing and Transportation

Introduction

Living Arrangements

An Ecological Model of Housing

Housing Options

Single-Family Homes

Home Modification

Home Equity Conversion Loans (Reverse Mortgages)

Apartment Living

Age Segregation vs. Age Integration

Normal Design vs. Special Design

Congregate Housing and Assisted (Apartment) Living

Congregate Housing

Assisted Living Apartments

Subsidized Housing

Single Room Occupancy

Supportive Housing

Board and Care Homes

Nursing Homes

Accessory Dwelling Units

Home Sharing

Retirement Communities

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs)

Planned Retirement Communities

Cohousing

Continuing Care Retirement Communities

Low-Income, Rural, and Minority Housing

Homelessness

The Future of Housing

Transportation

Public Transportation

Private Transportation

Age-friendly Communities

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Note

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 11 Leisure, Recreation, and Education

Introduction

Leisure

Age and Leisure

Gender and Leisure

Minority Status and Leisure

Leisure Education

New Activities in Old Age

Outdoor Recreation

Fitness, Health, and Well-Being

Programs That Overcome Barriers to Active Living

Masters Athletes and the Senior Olympics

Senior Centers

Education

Formal Higher Education

Informal Educational Options

Road Scholar (Elderhostel)

Lifelong Learning Institutes

The Future of Education for Older People

Community Service and Volunteer Work

Volunteer Opportunities

The Senior Corps

The Peace Corps

The Experience Corps

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 12 Family Life and Relationships

Marriage and Widowhood

Marital Status

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Marriage

Remarriage

Common-Law Unions and Cohabitation

Divorce

Lifelong Singlehood

Widowhood

Male and Female Responses to Widowhood

Future Research Questions

Dating

Sexuality

Sexuality in Long-Term Care Settings

Physical Changes and Sexual Adaptations

Gay and Lesbian Older Adults

Grandparenting

The Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship

Grandparenting and New Family Structures

Grandparents as Surrogate Parents

The Future of the Family

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 13 Social Support

What Is Informal Social Support?

Family Life and Family Supports

Informal Supports for Older People

Three Models of Informal Support

The Role of Formal Supports

Community Care

Spousal Support

Adult Children as a Source of Support

Siblings as a Source of Informal Support

Supports for Childless Older People

Friends and Neighbors

Pets as a Source of Social Support

Minority Differences in Social Support

Technology and Social Support

Caregiving

Gender Roles and the Challenge of Caregiving

Caregiver Burden

The Rewards of Caregiving

Care for the Caregiver

The Future of Informal Support

Eldercare and the Workplace

Older People as Family Supporters

The Future of Social Supports

Elder Abuse and Mistreatment

Theories of Abuse and Risk Factors

Elder Abuse Interventions and Policies

Future Issues in Elder Abuse

The Future of Social Supports

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 14 Death and Dying

Death and Society

Death in Old Age

The Experience of Dying in Old Age

Institutional Death

Changes in the Treatment of the Dying

Stages of Death and Dying

Hospice Care

Hospice Program Goals

Palliative Care

Palliative Care for the Elderly

Ethical Issues

Advance Directives

Minorities and Advance Directives

Beyond Advance Directives: The Importance of Communication

New Methods of Communication

Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide

Mourning and Grief

Widowhood and Bereavement

Supports for Widows and Widowers

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Chapter 15 Politics and Policies

Voting

Participation Trends Among Older Voters

Will Older People Form a Voting Bloc?

Holding Political Office

Advocacy

The Limits of Advocacy

The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act and the Medicare Modernization Act: Two Case Studies in Senio

The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act

The Medicare Modernization Act

Activism

Government and Aging Policy

The Older Americans Act

Generational Equity

Conflict Ahead?

Ideology and Aging Policy

Civic Engagement

The Future of Aging, Politics, and Policy

Conclusion

Summary

Discussion Questions

Suggested Reading

Websites to Consult

Works Consulted

Glossary of Terms

Index

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