Hydrology and Hydraulic Systems 4th Edition by Ram S. Gupta, ISBN-13: 978-1478630913
[PDF eBook eTextbook]
- Publisher: Waveland Press, Inc.; 4th edition (September 7, 2016)
- Language: English
- 888 pages
- ISBN-10: 1478630914
- ISBN-13: 978-1478630913
For more than 25 years, the multiple editions of Hydrology & Hydraulic Systems have set the standard for a comprehensive, authoritative treatment of the quantitative elements of water resources development. The latest edition extends this tradition of excellence in a thoroughly revised volume that reflects the current state of practice in the field of hydrology.
Widely praised for its direct and concise presentation, practical orientation, and wealth of example problems, Hydrology & Hydraulic Systems presents fundamental theories and concepts balanced with excellent coverage of engineering applications and design. The Fourth Edition features a major revision of the chapter on distribution systems, as well as a new chapter on the application of remote sensing and computer modeling to hydrology.
Outstanding features of the Fourth Edition include:
More than 350 illustrations and 200 tables
More than 225 fully solved examples, both in FPS and SI units
Fully worked-out examples of design projects with realistic data
More than 500 end-of-chapter problems for assignment
Discussion of statistical procedures for groundwater monitoring in accordance with the EPA’s Unified Guidance
Detailed treatment of hydrologic field investigations and analytical procedures for data assessment, including the USGS acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) approach
Thorough coverage of theory and design of loose-boundary channels, including the latest concept of combining the regime theory and the power function laws
Table of Contents:
Title Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Demand for Water
1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
1.2 ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND
1.3 DEMAND FOR WATER SUPPLY
1.4 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS
1.5 POPULATION FORECASTING
1.6 SHORT-TERM ESTIMATES
1.6.1 Graphical Extension Method
1.6.2 Arithmetic Growth Method
1.6.3 Geometric Growth Method
1.6.4 Declining Growth Rate Method
1.7 LONG-TERM FORECASTING
1.7.1 Graphic Comparison Method
1.7.2 Mathematical Logistic Curve Method
1.7.3 Ratio and Correlation Methods
1.7.4 Component Methods
1.8 PER CAPITA WATER USAGE
1.8.1 Average Daily per Capita Usage for Water Supply
1.8.2 Variations in Usage
1.9 FIRE DEMANDS
1.9.1 Types of Construction
1.9.2 Floor Area
1.9.3 Fire Flow Requirements and Duration
1.10 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS
1.11 WASTE DILUTION REQUIREMENTS
1.12 DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER
1.13 CONSUMPTIVE USE OF CROPS
1.13.1 Direct Application of Evapotranspiration Profiles
1.13.2 Modified Blaney-Criddle Method
1.13.3 Penman-Monteith Method
1.14 EFFECTIVE RAINFALL
1.15 FARM LOSSES
1.16 CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND WASTE
1.17 COMPUTATION OF IRRIGATION DEMANDS
1.18 DEMAND FOR HYDROPOWER
1.18.1 Power and Energy Production from Available Streamflows
1.19 DEMAND FOR NAVIGATION
PROBLEMS
Chapter 2: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Precipitation
2.1 AVAILABILITY OF WATER
2.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
2.3 WATER BALANCE EQUATION
2.3.1 Balance Equation for Water Bodies for Short Duration
2.3.2 Balance Equation for Large River Basins for Long Duration
2.3.3 Balance Equation for Direct Runoff within a Basin during a Storm
2.3.4 Water Balance Equation for Direct Runoff within a Basin for Longer than Storm Duration
2.4 DISCREPANCY TERM IN THE WATER BALANCE EQUATION
2.5 PRECIPITATION
2.6 ANALYSIS OF POINT PRECIPITATION DATA
2.6.1 Estimating Missing Data
2.6.2 Checking Consistency of Data: Double-Mass Analysis
2.7 CONVERSION OF POINT PRECIPITATION TO AREAL PRECIPITATION
2.7.1 Arithmetic Average Method
2.7.2 Thiessen Polygon Method
2.7.3 Isohyetal Method
2.8 INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (IDF) ANALYSIS OF POINT PRECIPITATION
2.9 DEPTH-AREA-DURATION (DAD) ANALYSIS OF A STORM
PROBLEMS
Chapter 3: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Evaporation and Transpiration
3.1 WATER LOSS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
3.2 EVAPORATION FROM FREE-WATER BODIES
3.3 EVAPORATION USING PANS
3.4 EVAPORATION BY THE AERODYNAMIC METHOD
3.5 EVAPORATION BY THE ENERGY BALANCE METHOD
3.6 COMBINATION METHOD OF PENMAN
3.7 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A DRAINAGE BASIN
3.8 EVAPOTRANSPIROMETERS
3.9 PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
3.9.1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by the Penman-Monteith Method
3.9.2 Actual Evapotranspiration from Any Surface
3.10 BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD
PROBLEMS
Chapter 4: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Runoff
4.1 DIRECT RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL OR RAIN EXCESS
4.2 INFILTRATION CAPACITY CURVE APPROACH
4.2.1 Horton Model
4.2.2 Holton Model
4.2.3 Approximate Infiltration Model of Green-Ampt
4.2.4 Determination of Parameters in the Green-Ampt Model
4.3 HEC’S NONLINEAR LOSS-RATE FUNCTION APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF
4.4 THE NRCS APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF
4.5 INFILTRATION-INDEX APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF
4.6 DIRECT RUNOFF FROM SNOWMELT
4.6.1 Snowmelt Process
4.6.2 Temperature Index or Degree-Day Method
4.6.3 Generalized Equation of the Corps of Engineers
PROBLEMS
Chapter 5: Theory of Groundwater Flow
5.1 SCOPE
5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE WATER
5.3 WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS
5.4 FLUID POTENTIAL AND HYDRAULIC HEAD
5.5 BASIC EQUATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW: DARCY’S LAW
5.5.1 Darcy Velocity and Seepage Velocity
5.6 PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT
5.6.1 Hydraulic Conductivity
5.6.2 Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity
5.6.3 Transmissivity
5.6.4 Leakance, Retardation Coefficient, and Leakage Factor (for Leaky Aquifer)
5.7 PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE
5.7.1 Specific Retention (of Water-Table Aquifer)
5.7.2 Specific Yield (of Water-Table Aquifer)
5.7.3 Specific Storage for Confined Aquifers
5.7.4 Storage Coefficient or Storativity
5.8 GENERALIZATION OF DARCY’S LAW
5.8.1 Velocity Potential
5.9 VALIDITY OF DARCY’S LAW
5.10 STEADY-STATE FLOW AND UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW
5.11 GENERAL EQUATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
5.11.1 Equation for Confined Aquifers
5.11.2 Equation for Unconfined Aquifers
5.12 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GROUNDWATER FLOW EQUATION
5.13 UNSATURATED FLOW AND TWO-PHASE FLOW
PROBLEMS
Chapter 6: Applications and Development of Groundwater Flow
6.1 STEADY-STATE FLOW EQUATIONS
6.1.1 Groundwater Flow between Two Water Bodies
6.1.2 Steady-State Confined Flow to a Well
6.1.3 Steady-State Unconfined Flow to a Well
6.1.4 Groundwater Travel Time
6.2 UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW EQUATIONS
6.2.1 Unsteady Flow to a Well: Theis Equation
6.2.2 Aquifer-Test Analysis
6.3 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF CONFINED AQUIFERS
6.3.1 Theis or Type-Curve Method
6.4 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF CONFINED AQUIFERS: COOPER-JACOB METHOD
6.4.1 Drawdown-Time Analysis
6.4.2 Drawdown-Distance Analysis
6.4.3 Measurements in Many Wells at Various Times for Either Drawdown-Time or Drawdown-Distance Anal
6.5 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
6.6 SEMICONFINED AQUIFERS: THE THEORY OF LEAKY AQUIFERS
6.6.1 Steady-State Flow in Leaky Aquifers
6.6.2 Unsteady-State Flow in Leaky Aquifers
6.7 WELLS NEAR BOUNDARIES: THE THEORY OF IMAGES
6.7.1 Well Near a Stream
6.7.2 Well Near an Impermeable Boundary
6.8 PRODUCTION WELL ANALYSIS
6.8.1 Well Losses
6.8.2 Step-Drawdown Test: Bierschenk Solution
6.8.3 Well Efficiency
6.8.4 Specific Capacity
6.9 WELL FIELD DESIGN
PROBLEMS
Chapter 7: Contaminant Transport and Groundwater Monitoring
7.1 TRANSPORT PROCESSES
7.1.1 Advective Transport
7.1.2 Diffusive Transport: Fick’s First Law of Diffusion
7.1.3 Dispersive Transport
7.2 MASS TRANSPORT EQUATIONS
7.2.1 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion
7.2.2 The Advection-Diffusion Equation
7.2.3 The Advection-Diffusion-Dispersion Equation
7.2.4 Mass Transport with Reaction
7.3 SOLUTIONS OF THE MASS TRANSPORT EQUATION
7.3.1 Instantaneous Release from a Plane Source in an Infinite System
7.3.2 Instantaneous Release from a Plane Source in a Semi-Infinite System
7.3.3 Continuous Release from a Plane Source in an Infinite System
7.3.4 Continuous Release from a Plane Source in a Semi-Infinite System
7.4 FATE OF CONTAMINANTS
7.5 AQUEOUS PHASE OR SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS
7.5.1 Uncertainties of Dispersion Coefficients for Porous Media
7.6 IMMISCIBLE OR NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS (NAPL)
7.6.1 Two-Phase Flow through a Porous Medium
7.6.2 Transport of NAPL
7.7 SALINE WATER INTRUSION
7.7.1 Freshwater and Saltwater Interface
7.7.2 Upconing of Saline Water
7.8 ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING DATA
7.8.1 Statistical Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring Data
7.8.2 Statistical Measures of Sample Data
7.9 CHECKING DATA FITNESS FOR STATISTICAL PROCEDURES
7.10 TESTS FOR LOGNORMALITY/NORMALITY
7.10.1 Probability Plot and the Shapiro-Wilk Test
7.10.2 Coefficient of Variation and Coefficient of Skewness
7.11 TESTING FOR STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE
7.12 CHECKING FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES ACROSS WELL GROUPS
7.13 STATISTICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROUNDWATER MONITORING
7.14 STRATEGIES FOR PROCEDURE SELECTION
7.15 TOLERANCE INTERVAL TECHNIQUE
7.15.1 Computing Tolerance Intervals
7.16 PREDICTION INTERVAL TECHNIQUE
7.16.1 Computing Prediction Intervals
7.17 CONTROL CHARTS
7.17.1 The Combined Shewart-Cusum Control Chart Procedure
7.18 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL TECHNIQUE
7.18.1 Confidence Interval Containing Mean of Compliance Data
7.18.2 Confidence Interval Containing 95th Percentile of Compliance Data
7.19 NON-PARAMETRIC INTERVALS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 8: Measurement of Surface Water Flow
8.1 DETERMINATION OF STREAMFLOW
8.2 STREAM GAGING
8.3 STAGE MEASUREMENT
8.3.1 Stilling Well with Float Sensor
8.3.2 Pressure System with Bubble-Gage Sensor
8.3.3 Radar Stage Measurement
8.4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
8.4.1 Methods of Discharge Measurement
8.5 MEASUREMENT BY CURRENT METER
8.5.1 Procedures of Current Meter Measurement
8.6 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN A STREAM SECTION
8.7 MEAN VERTICAL VELOCITY
8.8 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY BY CURRENT METER
8.9 MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH (SOUNDING) FOR CURRENT METER METHOD
8.9.1 Wading Rod
8.9.2 Weight with a Hand Line
8.9.3 Weight with a Sounding Reel Line
8.9.4 Sonic Sounder
8.10 AIR CORRECTION FOR DEPTH FOR SOUNDING REEL LINE
8.11 WET-LINE CORRECTION FOR DEPTH FOR SOUNDING REEL LINE
8.12 COMPUTATION OF DISCHARGE FOR CURRENT METER METHOD
8.12.1 Midsection Method
8.12.2 Mean-Section Method
8.12.3 Velocity-Depth Integration Method
8.12.4 Velocity-Contour Method
8.13 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY HYDROACOUSTIC SYSTEM
8.13.1 Procedure for ADCP Measurements
8.14 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE ADCP
8.15 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY ULTRASONIC (ACOUSTIC) VELOCITY METER (UVM)
8.16 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY THE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD
8.17 MEASUREMENTS THROUGH HYDRAULIC DEVICES
8.18 DISCHARGE RATING
8.18.1 Controls for Stage-Discharge
8.19 SIMPLE STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION
8.19.1 Logarithmic Rating Curve
8.20 DETERMINING THE STAGE OF ZERO FLOW
8.20.1 Trial-and-Error Procedure
8.20.2 Arithmetic Procedure
8.21 EQUATION OF STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVE
8.21.1 Graphic Procedure to Determine Rating Equation
8.21.2 Linear Regression Analysis to Determine Rating Equation
8.22 SLOPE-STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION
8.23 VELOCITY INDEX-STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION
8.24 STAGE VERSUS CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA RELATION
8.24.1 Channel-Bank Survey
8.24.2 Bathymetry Survey
8.24.3 Synthesis of Channel-Bank and Bathymetry Surveys
8.24.5 Stage and Cross-Sectional Area Relation
8.25 INDEX-VELOCITY VERSUS MEAN VELOCITY
8.25.1 Collection of Discharge Measurements
8.25.2 Synthesis of Data to Compute Mean Velocity
8.25.3 Relation Between Mean Velocity and Index Velocity
8.26 DISCHARGE FROM STAGE AND INDEX-VELOCITY DATA
8.27 CONVERTING STAGE RECORDS INTO DISCHARGE
8.28 DISSEMINATION OF STREAMFLOW INFORMATION
PROBLEMS
Chapter 9: Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Hydrograph Analysis
9.1 RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW
9.2 MECHANISM OF RUNOFF GENERATION
9.3 TECHNIQUES OF STREAMFLOW ESTIMATION
9.3.1 Hydrograph Analysis
9.3.2 Correlation with Meteorological Data
9.3.3 Correlation with Hydrological Data at another Site
9.3.4 Sequential Data Generation
9.3.5 Ungaged Sites
9.4 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN STREAMFLOW ESTIMATION
9.5 HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW
9.6 DIRECT RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH AND BASEFLOW HYDROGRAPH
9.7 HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION
9.7.1 Separation by Recession Curve Approach
9.7.2 Separation by Arbitrary Approach
9.8 UNIT HYDROGRAPH AND INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH
9.8.1 Time Parameters
9.8.2 Unit Hydrograph
9.8.3 Distribution Graph
9.8.4 Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph
9.9 DERIVATION OF UNIT HYDROGRAPH
9.9.1 Derivation by the Inverse Procedure
9.9.2 Derivation by the IUH Technique
9.10 CHANGING THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH DURATION
9.10.1 Lagging Method
9.10.2 S-Curve Method
9.11 FORMULATION OF SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH
9.11.1 Snyder’s Method
9.11.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Method
9.12 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW FROM UNIT HYDROGRAPH
PROBLEMS
Chapter 10: Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Streamflow Relationships
10.1 CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
10.2 STATIONARY AND HOMOGENEOUS CHECK OF DATA
10.3 PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF CORRELATION FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW
10.3.1 Rank Analysis for Antecedent Precipitation Index (API)
10.3.2 Correlation of Antecedent Precipitation Index and Runoff by Regression Analysis
10.4 CORRELATION OF GAGING-STATION RECORDS FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW
10.4.1 Simple Correlation
10.5 CORRELATION OF DURATION CURVES FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW
10.6 SYNTHETIC TECHNIQUES
10.7 HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES AND STOCHASTIC PROCESS
10.8 MARKOV PROCESS OR AUTOREGRESSIVE (AR) MODEL
10.8.1 Statistical Parameters of Historical Data
10.8.2 Identifying the Distribution of Streamflow Data
10.8.3 Generating Random Numbers
10.8.4 Deterministic and Random Components
10.8.5 Formulating the Markov Model
10.9 AUTOREGRESSIVE-MOVING AVERAGE (ARMA) MODEL
10.10 DISAGGREGATION MODEL
10.11 AUTORUN MODEL
10.12 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW AT UNGAGED SITES
10.13 ESTIMATION BASED ON DRAINAGE AREA RATIO
10.14 ESTIMATION BASED ON REGRESSION EQUATIONS
10.15 THE HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY OF STREAM CHANNELS
10.16 VARIABILITY OF STREAMFLOW
10.16.1 Flow-Mass Curve
10.16.2 Flow-Duration Curve
PROBLEMS
Chapter 11: Computation of Extreme Flows
11.1 COMPUTATION METHODS
11.2 THE CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY IN HYDROLOGY
11.3 DESIGN FLOOD FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
11.3.1 Risk Basis for Design Flood
11.3.2 Economic Basis for Design Flood
11.3.3 Standard Practice for Design Exceedance Probabilities
11.4 STATISTICAL METHODS
11.5 TYPE AND QUALITY OF DATA
11.5.1 Stationariness of Data
11.5.2 Homogeneity of Data
11.5.3 Consistency of Data
11.5.4 Adequacy of Data
11.6 METHODS OF FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
11.6.1 Probability Graph Paper
11.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD
11.8 EMPIRICAL METHOD
11.9 ANALYTICAL METHOD
11.9.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
11.9.2 Lognormal Distribution
11.9.3 Extreme Value Distribution
11.9.4 Log-Pearson Type III (Gamma-Type) Distribution
11.9.5 Probability Distribution of Extreme Flow Data
11.10 APPROACH TO ANALYTICAL METHOD
11.10.1 Use of Frequency Factors
11.11 GENERALIZED SKEW COEFFICIENT
11.12 CONFIDENCE LIMITS AND PROBABILITY ADJUSTMENTS
11.13 SPECIAL CASES OF FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
11.13.1 Combined-Population (Composite) Frequency Analysis
11.13.2 Frequency Analysis of Partial-Duration Series
11.13.3 Frequency Analysis of Flood Volume
11.13.4 Regional Frequency Analysis
11.14 COMPUTATION OF PEAK FLOW FROM PRECIPITATION
11.15 ESTIMATION OF PMP
11.16 DEVELOPMENT OF PMS
11.16.1 Critical Duration
11.16.2 Temporal Distribution
11.16.3 Spatial Distribution
11.17 DESIGN STORM
11.17.1 Transformation of Design Storm to Flood Flow Hydrograph
11.18 PEAK SNOWMELT DISCHARGE
11.19 REGIONALIZED FLOOD RELATIONS FOR UNGAGED SITES
11.20 FLOOD FLOW COMPUTATION BY GENETIC AND EMPIRICALEQUATIONS
11.20.1 Myers-Jarvis Enveloping Curves
11.21 MEASUREMENT OF PEAK DISCHARGE BY INDIRECT METHODS
11.22 COMPUTATION OF LOW FLOW
11.23 LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS BY THE EMPIRICAL METHOD
11.24 LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS BY ANALYTICAL METHOD
PROBLEMS
Chapter 12: Hydrodynamic Principles, Kinematics and Flow Routing
12.1 HYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF FLOW
12.2 THE CONTINUITY EQUATION
12.3 THE ENERGY EQUATION
12.4 THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
12.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
12.6 KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY
12.6.1 Methods of Solving the Kinematic Equations
12.7 FORMULATION OF HYDROGRAPH BY THE KINEMATIC THEORY
12.7.1 Solution for Rising Hydrograph
12.7.2 Time of Concentration
12.7.3 Receding Hydrograph
12.7.4 Validity of the Kinematic Theory of Hydrographs
12.8 ROUTING PROCESS
12.9 HYDRAULIC ROUTING
12.10 STREAMFLOW ROUTING BY THE KINEMATIC THEORY
12.11 MUSKINGUM-CUNGE KINEMATIC ROUTING METHOD
12.12 VALIDITY OF THE KINEMATIC THEORY OF ROUTING
12.13 HYDROLOGIC ROUTING
12.14 STREAMFLOW ROUTING BY THE HYDROLOGIC METHOD: MUSKINGUM METHOD
12.14.1 Determination of Routing Constants
12.14.2 Application of the Muskingum Method
12.15 RESERVOIR ROUTING BY THE HYDROLOGIC METHOD: THE PULS METHOD
12.16 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 13: Hydraulic Structures
13.1 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
13.2 FLOW-MEASURING STRUCTURES
13.3 ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES
13.3.1 Flow through a Small Orifice
13.3.2 Flow through a Large Orifice
13.3.3 Mouthpieces
13.3.4 Time to Empty
13.4 WEIRS AND NOTCHES
13.4.1 Flow over Sharp-Crested Weirs
13.4.2 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Suppressed Weir
13.4.3 Coefficient of Discharge of Sharp-Crested Weirs
13.4.4 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir with End Contractions
13.4.5 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir with Velocity of Approach
13.4.6 Triangular (V-notch) Weir
13.4.7 Trapezoidal Weir
13.4.8 Flow over Sharp-Crested, Submerged Weirs
13.5 FLOW OVER BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
13.5.1 Coefficient of Discharge of Broad-Crested Weirs
13.5.2 Broad-Crested, Submerged Weirs
13.6 FLUMES
13.7 PIPE-FLOW MEASURING DEVICES
13.7.1 Orifice Meter
13.7.2 Nozzle Meter
13.7.3 Venturi Meter
13.8 PEAK-FLOW MEASURING STRUCTURES
13.8.1 Slope-Area Method for a Stream Channel
13.8.2 Measurement at Width Contractions of a Bridge
13.8.3 Measurement at Dams
13.8.4 Measurement at Culverts
13.9 STORAGE STRUCTURES
13.10 RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITY
13.11 STORAGE CAPACITY OF WATER SUPPLY TANKS
13.12 RESERVOIR FEATURES
13.13 DAMS
13.13.1 Selection of Dam Type
13.14 FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES: SPILLWAYS
13.14.1 Types of Spillways
13.15 OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
13.15.1 Crest Shape of Overflow Spillways
13.15.2 Discharge for Overflow Spillways
13.15.3 Discharge on Submerged Overflow Spillways
13.16 CHUTE OR TROUGH SPILLWAYS
13.16.1 Slope of Chute Channel
13.16.2 Chute Sidewalls
13.17 SIDE-CHANNEL SPILLWAYS
13.18 MORNING GLORY OR SHAFT SPILLWAYS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 14: Conveyance Systems: Open Channel Flow
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 ELEMENTS OF THE CHANNEL SECTION
14.3 TYPES OF FLOW
14.4 STATE OF FLOW
14.5 CRITICAL FLOW CONDITION
14.5.1 Concept of Specific Energy
14.5.2 Computation of Critical Flow
14.6 UNIFORM CHANNEL FLOW
14.6.1 Hydraulics of Uniform Flow
14.6.2 Computation of Uniform Flow
14.7 CHANNEL DESIGN
14.8 RIGID CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-FREE WATER
14.8.1 Bottom Longitudinal Slope
14.8.2 Channel Side Slopes
14.8.3 Freeboard
14.8.4 Hydraulic Efficient Sections
14.8.5 Design Procedure
14.9 RIGID CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-LADEN WATER
14.10 LOOSE-BOUNDARY CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-FREE WATER
14.10.1 Unit Tractive Force on Channel Boundary
14.10.2 Critical Tractive Force
14.10.3 The USBR Method
14.10.4 The Stability Parameter Method
14.11 LOOSE-BOUNDARY CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-LADEN WATER
14.11.1 Hypotheses of Stable Channel Design
14.11.2 The Regime Theory
14.11.3 Lacey’s Original Regime Theory
14.11.4 Hydraulic Basis of the Regime Theory
14.11.5 Combining the Regime Theory with the Power Function Theory
14.12 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
14.12.1 Dynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow
14.12.2 Types of Flow Profile Curves
14.12.3 Flow Profile Analysis
14.13 COMPUTATION OF FLOW PROFILE
14.13.1 Numerical Integration Method
14.13.2 Direct Step Method
14.14 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
14.15 HYDRAULIC JUMP
PROBLEMS
Chapter 15: Distribution Systems
15.1 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
15.2 PIPING SYSTEM
15.3 ENERGY EQUATION OF PIPE FLOW
15.4 PIPE FRICTION LOSSES: DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION
15.4.1 Friction Factor for Darcy-Weisbach Equation
15.4.2 Extension of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation to Laminar Flow: Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
15.5 APPLICATION OF THE DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION
15.5.1 Type I: To Determine Head Loss
15.5.2 Type II: To Determine Velocity or Flow Rate
15.5.3 Type III: To Determine Diameter
15.6 PIPE FRICTION LOSSES: HAZEN-WILLIAMS EQUATION
15.7 SUMMARY OF FRICTION LOSSES
15.8 MINOR HEAD LOSSES
15.9 SINGLE PIPELINES
15.10 SINGLE PIPELINES WITH PUMPS
15.11 PIPES IN SERIES
15.12 PIPES IN PARALLEL
15.13 BRANCHING PIPES
15.14 PIPES NETWORK
15.15 PIPE NETWORK DESIGN
15.15.1 System Configuration
15.15.2 Design Flow Estimation
15.15.3 Velocity and Pipe Sizes
15.15.4 Pressure Requirements
15.16 A NETWORK DESIGN PROJECT
15.17 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN PIPES
15.18 STORAGE TANKS
15.19 CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANKS
15.20 HYDRAULICS OF STORAGE TANKS
15.20.1 System without Storage
15.20.2 System with Storage Ahead of Demand Center
15.20.3 System with Storage Beyond Demand Center
15.21 PUMPS
15.22 PUMP CLASSIFICATION: SPECIFIC SPEED
15.23 RELATIONS FOR GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PUMPS
15.24 RELATIONS FOR ALTERATIONS IN THE SAME PUMP
15.25 HEAD TERMS IN PUMPING
15.26 SYSTEM HEAD CURVE
15.27 PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
15.28 SINGLE PUMP AND PIPELINE SYSTEM
15.29 MULTIPLE PUMP SYSTEM
15.30 PUMPS IN SERIES
15.31 PUMPS IN PARALLEL
15.32 LIMIT ON PUMP LOCATION
PROBLEMS
Chapter 16: Urban Drainage Systems
16.1 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
16.2 LAYOUT OF AN URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
16.3 DESIGN OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
16.4 QUANTITY OF WASTEWATER
16.5 FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR SANITARY SEWERS
16.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SANITARY SEWERS
16.7 A SANITARY SEWER PROJECT
16.8 DESIGN OF A STORM SEWER SYSTEM
16.9 QUANTITY OF STORMWATER
16.10 RATIONAL METHOD
16.10.1 Frequency Correction factor, Cf
16.10.2 Runoff Coefficient, C
16.10.3 Drainage Area, A
16.10.4 Rainfall Intensity, i
16.10.5 Time of Concentration, tc
16.11 APPLICATION OF THE RATIONAL METHOD
16.12 THE NRCS (SCS) TR-55 METHOD
16.13 A STORM SEWER DESIGN PROJECT
16.14 DETENTION BASIN STORAGE CAPACITY
16.14.1 TR-55-Based Procedure
16.14.2 Rational-Method-Based Procedure
PROBLEMS
Chapter 17: Other Drainage Systems
17.1 AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
17.2 SURFACE DRAINAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND
17.3 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND
17.3.1 Layout of Pipe (Tube) Drainage System
17.4 DEPTH AND SPACING OF DRAINS
17.4.1 Application of Bureau of Reclamation Method
17.4.2 Design Discharge for Determining Subsurface Drain Pipe Size
17.5 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
17.6 LONGITUDINAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
17.6.1 Design Flows for Longitudinal Drainage
17.7 CROSS-DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: CULVERTS
17.7.1 Design of Culverts
17.8 AIRPORT DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 18: Remote Sensing and Computer Modeling in Hydrology
18.1 REMOTE SENSING
18.2 PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING
18.3 COMPONENTS OF REMOTE SENSING
18.3.1 Remote-Sensing Platforms
18.3.2 Remote-Sensing Sensors
18.3.3 Image-Processing Systems
18.4 INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING WITH GIS
18.5 REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS
18.5.1 Rainfall
18.5.2 Snow
18.5.3 Evaporation
18.5.4 Soil Moisture
18.5.5 Surface Water
18.5.6 Surface Water Flows (Runoff)
18.5.7 Groundwater
18.6 REMOTE-SENSING APPLICATIONS TO HYDROLOGY
18.7 COMPUTER MODELS FOR HYDROLOGY
18.8 COMPUTER MODELS OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY
18.9 STATISTICAL MODELS
18.10 HYDRAULIC MODELS
18.11 RESERVOIR PLANNING AND ANALYSIS MODELS
18.12 COASTAL MODELS
18.13 FLOOD FLOW MODELS
18.13.1 Flood Frequency Models
18.13.2 Steady-State Flood Hydraulics Models
18.13.3 Unsteady-State Flood Hydraulics Models
18.13.4 Reservoir Regulation Models
18.14 DRAINAGE MODELS
18.15 COUPLING OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS AND GIS
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
References
Answers to Selected Problems
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