Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice 10th Edition by Denise Polit, ISBN-13: 978-1975141851

Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice 10th Edition by Denise Polit, ISBN-13: 978-1975141851

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• Publisher: ‎ LWW; Tenth, North American edition (March 18, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎448 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1975141857
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1975141851

The world’s most widely used nursing research textbook, Essentials of Nursing Research, Tenth Edition equips students with everything they need to confidently apply research to nursing practice. AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck clarify the language of nursing research and instill a practical understanding of nursing research fundamentals and the research process for both quantitative and qualitative studies — including design principles; sampling and data collection; criteria for assessing data quality; appraising the quality, rigor, and trustworthiness of studies; and approaches to understand the statistical results.

This updated edition incorporates the latest clinical insights and approaches to research to familiarize students with increasingly important considerations in today’s nursing practice, including the involvement of patients and stakeholders in translating research evidence to local settings; the appraisal of not only the rigor of research designs and methods but also the relevance and applicability of practice-based evidence; and the effective use of research in local quality improvement (QI) projects.

• UPDATED! New organization simplifies the presentation of complex topics and better facilitates the use of research evidence in nursing practice.      
• Clear, approachable writing makes difficult ideas easily digestible, even to students with no prior knowledge of technical terms. 
• Critical Appraisal Guidelines walk students through studies and highlight aspects amenable to evaluation by research consumers.  
• Research Examples and Critical Thinking Exercises emphasize important points and sharpen students’ critical thinking skills.  
• Tips help students confidently translate abstract notions of research methods into concrete applications. 
• Colorful tables, figures, and examples engage students’ attention and reinforce their understanding.
• Chapter Objectives emphasize essential information in each chapter. 
• Key Terms familiarize students with common research terms.
• Bulleted Summary Points highlight key takeaways at a glance.

Table of Contents:

Part I
Overview of Nursing Research and Its Role in Evidence-Based Practice
1 Introducing Nursing Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Nursing Research in Perspective
What Is Nursing Research?
The Importance of Research to Evidence-Based Nursing
Roles of Nurses in Research
Nursing Research: Past and Present
Current and Future Directions for Nursing Research
Knowledge Sources for Nursing Practice
Tradition and “Experts”
Clinical Experience and Trial and Error
Disciplined Research
Paradigms and Methods for Nursing Research
The Positivist Paradigm
Worldview of the Positivist Paradigm
The Scientific Method and Quantitative Research
The Constructivist Paradigm
Worldview of the Constructivist Paradigm
Constructivist Methods and Qualitative Research
Multiple Paradigms and Nursing Research
The Purposes of Nursing Research
Research for Varying Levels of Explanation
Research Purposes Linked to Evidence-Based Practice
Therapy/Intervention
Diagnosis and Assessment
Prognosis
Etiology (Causation)/Prevention of Harm
Description
Meaning and Processes
Links Between Study Purposes and Evidence-Based Practice
Basics of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Definition of Evidence-Based Practice
Best Evidence
Patient Preferences and Values
Nurses’ Clinical Expertise
Sources of “Best” Research Evidence
Evidence Hierarchies and Level of Evidence Scales
Asking Well-Worded Clinical Questions for Evidence-Based Practice
Assistance for Consumers of Nursing Research
2 Understanding Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
The Building Blocks of Research
The Faces and Places of Research
Concepts, Constructs, and Theories
Variables
Characteristics of Variables
Dependent and Independent Variables
Conceptual and Operational Definitions
Data
Relationships
Major Classes of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research: Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies
Qualitative Research: Disciplinary Traditions
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study
Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase
Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem
Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature
Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork
Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing Conceptual Definitions
Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses
Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase
Step 6: Selecting a Research Design
Step 7: Developing Protocols for the Intervention
Step 8: Identifying the Population
Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan
Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure Research Variables
Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguard Human/Animal Rights
Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the Research Plan
Phase 3: The Empirical Phase
Step 13: Collecting the Data
Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis
Phase 4: The Analytic Phase
Step 15: Analyzing the Data
Step 16: Interpreting the Results
Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase
Step 17: Communicating the Findings
Step 18: Putting the Evidence Into Practice
Activities in a Qualitative Study
Conceptualizing and Planning a Qualitative Study
Identifying the Research Problem
Doing a Literature Review
Selecting and Gaining Entrée Into Research Sites
Developing an Overall Approach
Addressing Ethical Issues
Conducting a Qualitative Study
General Questions in Reviewing a Study
3 Reading and Critically Appraising Research Articles
Types of Research Reports
The Content of Research Journal Articles
The Title and Abstract
The Introduction
The Method Section
The Results Section
The Discussion Section
References
The Style of Research Journal Articles
Why Are Research Articles so Hard to Read?
Tips on Reading Research Articles
Critically Appraising Research Reports
Research Critiques and Critical Appraisals
Critical Appraisal Support in This Textbook
Critical Appraisal With Key Research Challenges in Mind
Inference
Reliability, Validity, and Trustworthiness
Bias
Research Control
Bias Reduction: Randomness and Blinding
Reflexivity
Generalizability and Transferability
4 Attending to Ethics in Research
Ethics and Research
Historical Background
Codes of Ethics
Government Regulations for Protecting Study Participants
Ethical Dilemmas in Conducting Research
Ethical Principles for Protecting Study Participants
Beneficence
The Right to Freedom From Harm and Discomfort
The Right to Protection From Exploitation
Respect for Human Dignity
The Right to Self-Determination
The Right to Full Disclosure
Justice
The Right to Fair Treatment
The Right to Privacy
Procedures for Protecting Study Participants
Risk/Benefit Assessments
Informed Consent
Confidentiality Procedures
Anonymity
Confidentiality in the Absence of Anonymity
Debriefings and Referrals
Treatment of Vulnerable Groups
External Reviews and the Protection of Human Rights
Ethical Issues in Using Animals in Research
Critically Appraising the Ethical Aspects of a Study
Part 2
Preliminary Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
5 Identifying Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Overview of Research Problems
Basic Terminology
Research Problems and Paradigms
Sources of Research Problems
Development and Refinement of Research Problems
Communicating Research Problems and Questions
Problem Statements
Statements of Purpose
Research Questions
Research Questions in Quantitative Studies
Research Questions in Qualitative Studies
Research Hypotheses
Function of Hypotheses in Quantitative Research
Characteristics of Testable Hypotheses
Wording of Hypotheses
Hypothesis Testing and Proof
Critical Appraisal of Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
6 Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the Literature
Basic Issues Relating to Literature Reviews
Purposes of Research Literature Reviews
Types of Information to Seek for a Research Review
Major Steps and Strategies in Doing a Literature Review
Locating Relevant Literature for a Research Review
Developing a Search Strategy
Searching Bibliographic Databases
Getting Started With an Electronic Search
The CINAHL Database
The MEDLINE Database
Google Scholar
Screening, Documentation, and Abstracting
Screening and Gathering References
Documentation in Literature Retrieval
Extracting and Recording Information
Critical Appraisal of the Evidence
Appraising Studies for a Review
Analyzing and Synthesizing Evidence
Preparing a Written Literature Review
Organizing a Written Review
Writing a Literature Review
Content of the Written Literature Review
Style of a Research Review
Critical Appraisal of Research Literature Reviews
7 Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
Theories, Models, and Frameworks
Theories
Models
Frameworks
The Nature of Theories and Conceptual Models
Conceptual Models and Theories Used in Nursing Research
Conceptual Models of Nursing
Middle-Range Theories Developed by Nurses
Other Models Used by Nurse Researchers
Using a Theory or Framework in Research
Theories and Qualitative Research
Theories in Quantitative Research
Critical Appraisal of Frameworks in Research Reports
Part 3
Designs and Methods for Quantitative and Qualitative Nursing Research
8 Appraising Quantitative Research Design
Overview of Research Design Issues
Key Research Design Features
Causality
Research Questions and Research Design
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Nonexperimental Designs
Experimental Design: Randomized Controlled Trials
Characteristics of True Experiments
Experimental Designs
Experimental and Control Conditions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quasi-Experiments
Nonexperimental Studies
Types of Nonexperimental/Observational Studies
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonexperimental Research
The Time Dimension in Research Design
Cross-Sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Techniques of Research Control
Controlling the Study Context
Controlling Participant Factors
Randomization
Homogeneity
Matching
Statistical Control
Evaluation of Control Methods
Characteristics of Good Design
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Internal Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Internal Validity and Research Design
External Validity
Construct Validity
Critical Appraisal of Quantitative Research Designs
9 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies
Sampling in Quantitative Research
Basic Sampling Concepts
Populations
Samples and Sampling
Strata
Sampling Designs in Quantitative Studies
Nonprobability Sampling
Probability Sampling
Evaluation of Nonprobability and Probability Sampling
Sample Size in Quantitative Studies
Critical Appraisal of Sampling Plans
Data Collection in Quantitative Research
Overview of Data Collection and Data Sources
Self-Reports/Patient-Reported Outcomes
Question Form and Wording
Interviews Versus Questionnaires
Summated Rating Scales
Evaluation of Self-Report Methods
Observational Methods
Methods of Structured Observation
Observational Sampling
Evaluation of Observational Methods
Biomarkers
Data Quality in Quantitative Research
Reliability
Validity
Critical Appraisal of Data Collection Methods
10 Appraising Qualitative Designs and Approaches
The Design of Qualitative Studies
Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design
Qualitative Design Features
Intervention, Control, and Blinding
Comparisons
Research Settings
Time Frames
Causality and Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Traditions
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Descriptive Phenomenology
Interpretive Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Methods
Alternate Views of Grounded Theory
Other Types of Qualitative Research
Case Studies
Narrative Analyses
Descriptive Qualitative Studies
Research With Ideological Perspectives
Critical Theory
Feminist Research
Participatory Action Research
Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Designs
11 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies
Sampling in Qualitative Research
The Logic of Qualitative Sampling
Types of Qualitative Sampling
Convenience and Snowball Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Theoretical Sampling
Sample Size in Qualitative Research
Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative Traditions
Sampling in Ethnography
Sampling in Phenomenological Studies
Sampling in Grounded Theory Studies
Critically Appraising Qualitative Sampling Plans
Data Collection in Qualitative Studies
Qualitative Self-Report Techniques
Types of Qualitative Self-Reports
Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data
Evaluation of Qualitative Self-Report Methods
Qualitative Observational Methods
The Observer-Participant Role in Participant Observation
Gathering Participant Observation Data
Recording Observations
Evaluation of Unstructured Observational Methods
Critical Appraisal of Unstructured Data Collection
12 Understanding Mixed Methods Research, Quality Improvement, and Other Special Types of Research
Mixed Methods Research
Rationale for Mixed Method Research
Purposes and Applications of Mixed Methods Research
Mixed Method Designs and Strategies
Design Decisions and Notation
Specific Mixed Methods Designs
Sampling and Data Collection in Mixed Methods Research
Quality Improvement
Features of Quality Improvement and Improvement Science
Quality Improvement Planning Tools
Quality Improvement Approaches
Other Special Types of Research
Intervention Research
Clinical Trials
Evaluation Research
Nursing Intervention Research
Comparative Effectiveness Research
Health Services and Outcomes Research
Survey Research
A Few Other Types of Research
Critical Appraisal of Studies Described in this Chapter
Part 4
Analysis, Interpretation, and Application of Nursing Research
13 Understanding Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
Levels of Measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distributions
Central Tendency
Variability
Bivariate Descriptive Statistics
Crosstabulations
Correlation
Describing Risk
Absolute Risk
Absolute Risk Reduction
Odds Ratio
Number Needed to Treat
Introduction to Inferential Statistics
Sampling Distributions
Parameter Estimation
Hypothesis Testing
Type I and Type II Errors
Level of Significance
Tests of Statistical Significance
Overview of Hypothesis Testing Procedures
Bivariate Statistical Tests
t-Tests
Analysis of Variance
Chi-Squared Test
Correlation Coefficients
Effect Size Indexes
Guide to Bivariate Statistical Tests
Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Multiple Regression
Analysis of Covariance
Logistic Regression
Measurement Statistics
Reliability Assessment
Validity Assessment
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Reading and Understanding Statistical Information
Tips on Reading Text With Statistical Information
Tips on Reading Statistical Tables
Critical Appraisal of Quantitative Analyses
14 Interpreting Quantitative Findings and Evaluating Clinical Significance
Interpretation of Quantitative Results
Aspects of Interpretation
Inference and Interpretation
The Interpretive Mindset
Credibility of Quantitative Results
Proxies and Interpretation
Credibility and Validity
Credibility and Bias
Credibility and Corroboration
Other Aspects of Interpretation
Precision of the Results
Magnitude of Effects and Importance
The Meaning of Quantitative Results
Interpreting Hypothesized Results
Interpreting Nonsignificant Results
Interpreting Unhypothesized Significant Results
Generalizability and Applicability of the Results
Implications of the Results
Clinical Significance
Clinical Significance at the Group Level
Clinical Significance at the Individual Level
Conceptual Definitions of Clinical Significance
Operationalizing Clinical Significance: Establishing the Minimal Important Change Benchmark
Critical Appraisal of Interpretations
15 Understanding the Analysis of Qualitative Data
Introduction to Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative Data Management and Organization
Developing a Coding Scheme
Coding Qualitative Data
Methods of Organizing Qualitative Data
Analytic Procedures
A General Analytic Overview
Qualitative Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis
Ethnographic Analysis
Phenomenological Analysis
Grounded Theory Analysis
Glaser’s Grounded Theory Method
Strauss and Corbin’s Approach
Constructivist Grounded Theory Approach
Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Analysis
16 Appraising Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research
Perspectives on Quality in Qualitative Research
Debates About Rigor and Validity
Generic Versus Specific Standards
Terminology Proliferation and Confusion
Lincoln and Guba’s Quality Criteria
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability
Authenticity
Strategies to Enhance Quality in Qualitative Inquiry
Quality-Enhancement Strategies During Data Collection
Prolonged Engagement and Persistent Observation
Reflexivity Strategies
Data and Method Triangulation
Comprehensive and Vivid Recording of Information
Member Checking
Strategies Relating to Coding and Analysis
Investigator Triangulation
Searching for Disconfirming Evidence and Competing Explanations
Peer Review and Debriefing
Inquiry Audits
Strategies Relating to Presentation
Thick and Contextualized Description
Researcher Credibility
Interpretation of Qualitative Findings
The Credibility of Qualitative Results
The Meaning of Qualitative Results
The Importance of Qualitative Results
The Transferability of Qualitative Results
The Implications of Qualitative Results
Critical Appraisal of Quality and Integrity in Qualitative Studies
17 Learning From Systematic Reviews
Research Integration and Synthesis
Systematic Reviews of Quantitative Evidence
Basics of Meta-Analysis
Advantages of Meta-Analysis
Criteria for Undertaking a Meta-Analysis
Steps in a Quantitative Systematic Review
Formulation of the Review Question
The Design of a Quantitative Systematic Review
The Search for Evidence in the Literature
Evaluations of Study Quality
Extraction and Encoding of Data for Analysis
Calculation of Effects in Meta-Analyses
Analysis of Data in a Meta-Analysis
Assessment of Degree of Confidence: GRADE
Systematic Reviews of Qualitative Evidence
Aggregative and Interpretive Qualitative Reviews
Aggregative Qualitative Reviews
Interpretive Qualitative Reviews
Metasynthesis
Preliminary Steps in a Metasynthesis
Data Analysis and Interpretation in Metasynthesis
Meta-Aggregation
Preliminary Steps in a Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Analysis Through Meta-Aggregation
Assessment of Confidence
Critical Appraisal of Systematic Reviews
18 Putting Research Evidence Into Practice: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence
Evidence-Based Practice and Related Concepts
Resources for Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing
Preprocessed and Pre-Appraised Evidence
Models of the Evidence-Based Practice Process
Individual and Organizational Evidence-Based Practice
Major Steps in Evidence-Based Practice
Step 2: Acquire Research Evidence
Step 3: Appraise the Evidence
Evidence Quality
Magnitude of Effects
Quantity and Consistency of Evidence
Applicability
Actions Based on Evidence Appraisals
Step 4: Apply the Evidence
Step 5: Assess the Outcomes of the Practice Change
Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence
Evidence-Based Practice and Population Models of Evidence
Evidence-Based Practice and External Validity
Generalizability, Applicability, and Relevance
New Directions in Health Care Research
Comparative Effectiveness Research
Pragmatic Clinical Trials
Subgroup Analyses
Precision/Personalized Health Care
Concluding Thoughts on Practice-Based Evidence
Critical Appraisal of Applicability, Relevance, and Generalizability
Appendix A Swenson et al., Parents’ Use of Praise and Criticism in a Sample of Young Children Seeking Mental Health Services
Appendix B Beck and Watson, Posttraumatic Growth After Birth Trauma: “I Was Broken, Now I Am Unbreakable”
Appendix C Bail et al., Cancer-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Intervention Adherence Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Mixed Methods Study
Appendix D Wilson et al., A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Individualized Preoperative Education Intervention for Symptom Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Critical Appraisal of Wilson and Colleagues’ Study
Glossary
Index

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