Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure, and Function by Derek Burton, ISBN-13: 978-0198785569

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Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure, and Function by Derek Burton, ISBN-13: 978-0198785569

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• Publisher: ‎ Oxford University Press; Illustrated edition (December 5, 2017)
• Language: ‎ English
• 416 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0198785569
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0198785569

Essential Fish Biology provides an introductory overview of the functional biology of fish and how this may be affected by the widely contrasting habitat conditions within the aquatic environment. It describes the recent advances in comparative animal physiology which have greatly influenced our understanding of fish function as well as generating questions that have yet to be resolved.

Fish taxa represent the largest number of vertebrates, with over 25,000 extant species. However, much of our knowledge, apart from taxonomy and habitat descriptions, has been based on relatively few of them, usually those which live in fresh water and/or are of commercial interest. Unfortunately there has also been a tendency to base our interpretation of fish physiology on that of mammalian systems, as well as to rely on a few type species of fish. This accessible textbook will redress the balance by using examples of fish from a wide range of species and habitats, emphasizing diversity as well as recognizing shared attributes with other vertebrates.

Table of Contents:

Contents

Plates

1 Fish diversity

1.1 Summary

1.2 Introduction

1.3 Classification

1.3.1 Jawless fish

1.3.2 Jawed fish

1.3.3 Class Chondrichthyes and Class Osteichthyes

1.3.4 Class Sarcopterygii

1.3.5 Class Actinopterygii

1.3.6 The relict fish

1.3.7 Teleosts

1.3.8 Teleost classification

1.4 Variety in fish structure and function

1.4.1 Diversity in size and longevity

1.4.2 Diversity in habitat

1.4.3 Diversity in shape

1.4.4 Diversity in colour

1.4.5 Diversity in numbers

Appendix

1.1 The embryonic layers of animals

1.2 A summary of fish classification systems (jawed fish only)

1.3 Examples of confusion in the use of common names

1.4 Further conventions and explanations in the use of naming taxonomy

1.5 The concept of persistence of larval traits in an animal which is sexually mature

Bibliography

2 The integument

2.1 Summary

2.2 Introduction

2.3 Fish skin structure

2.3.1 Epidermis

2.3.2 Dermis

2.3.3 Hypodermis

2.4 Fish scales

2.5 Bony plates and scutes

2.6 Skin colour

2.6.1 The physical basis for colour: chromatophores

2.6.2 Dark colouration

2.6.3 Red, orange and yellow colouration

2.6.4 Blue and green colouration

2.6.5 Silver and white colouration

2.7 Habitat and colour

2.8 Abnormal skin colour

2.9 Colour change

2.10 Skin variability

2.11 Skin responses to heat and cold

Appendix

2.1 Some pattern types in reef fish

2.2 Colour and pattern in a flatfish, winter flounder

2.3 Autonomic control of melanophores in winter flounder

Bibliography

3 The skeleton, support and movement

3.1 Summary

3.2 Introduction

3.3 Cartilage and bone

3.4 The exoskeleton

3.5 The endoskeleton

3.5.1 The axial skeleton

3.5.2 Vertebrae

3.5.3 The skull

3.5.4 Jaws and the branchial skeleton

3.5.5 The appendicular skeleton

3.5.6 Median fin support

3.5.7 Fin-ray supports

3.5.8 Fin adjustment

3.5.9 The adipose fin

3.5.10 Caudal fin support

3.6 Trends in the fish skeleton

3.7 Articulation of the skeleton

3.7.1 Joints

3.8 Locomotion

3.8.1 Skeletal (striated) muscles

3.8.2 Types of fish locomotion

3.8.3 Fast-start

3.8.4 Steering, braking and stabilizers

3.8.5 Buoyancy

3.8.6 Fish shape and swimming

3.8.7 Movement out of water

Appendix

3.1 The hydrostatic skeleton

3.2 Histochemical differentiation of cartilage and bone

3.3 The origin of bony skeletons: conodonts

3.4 Individual bones and their approximate position

Bibliography

4 Food procurement and processing

4.1 Summary

4.2 Introduction

4.3 Food and feeding

4.3.1 Catching prey

4.3.2 Piscivory, prey retention and prey defenses

4.3.3 Plankton feeders, microcarnivores and picking and scraping

4.3.4 Specialized diets, fin-biters, parasitism and cannibalism

4.4 The food-processing system

4.4.1 Mouth

4.4.2 Jaws

4.4.3 Pharyngeal jaws and the tooth-bite apparatus

4.4.4 Lips

4.4.5 Teeth

4.4.6 The gut

4.4.7 Digestion and digestive enzymes

4.4.8 Absorption

4.4.9 Egestion

4.5 Feeding periodicity

4.6 The control of feeding behaviour

4.7 Gut activity and its control

4.8 Temperature and feeding

4.9 Fish nutrition

Appendix

4.1 Nutritional requirements for fish

Bibliography

5 Transport: blood and circulation

5.1 Summary

5.2 Introduction

5.3 Overview of the fish vascular system

5.4 The basic circulation for gill-breathing fish

5.5 The heart

5.5.1 Heart valves

5.5.2 Septation

5.5.3 Cardiac muscle

5.5.4 Ventricle wall composition

5.5.5 The pacemaker

5.5.6 The pericardium

5.6 Blood pressure

5.7 Venous return

5.8 The circulation in air-breathing fish

5.9 Portal systems

5.10 Retia

5.11 The secondary circulation

5.12 Change in the circulation

5.13 Blood

5.13.1 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

5.13.2 White blood cells (leucocytes)

5.13.3 Plasma

5.13.4 Coagulation

5.13.5 Osmotic fragility

5.13.6 Blood-cell replenishment, recycling and haematopoiesis

5.14 The spleen

5.15 The thymus

5.16 The immune system

5.17 Conclusion

Appendix

5.1 Conventional units for blood system measurements

5.2 Blood-sampling techniques

Bibliography

6 Gas exchange

6.1 Summary

6.2 Introduction

6.3 Major gases exchanged by fish

6.4 The gas-exchange surface

6.5 Gills

6.5.1 Gill filaments: primary and secondary lamellae

6.5.2 The pharyngeal clefts

6.5.3 Spiracle and pseudobranch

6.5.4 Fine structure of the gills

6.5.5 Blood supply

6.5.6 Countercurrent flow

6.5.7 Oxygen gain and carbon dioxide loss

6.5.8 Respiratory pigments, haemoglobin and myoglobin

6.5.9 Gill area

6.5.10 Ventilation mechanisms and control

6.5.11 Ram ventilation

6.6 Air-breathing fish

6.6.1 Lungs

6.6.2 The swim bladder used for respiration

6.6.3 The gut used for respiration

6.6.4 The lips used for respiration

6.6.5 The skin used for respiration

6.6.6 Facultative and obligate air-breathers

6.7 Problems with oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the aqueous environment

6.7.1 Hypoxia and hypercapnia

6.7.2 Supersaturation

6.7.3 High oxygen demand

Appendix

6.1 Oxygen availability

Bibliography

7 Metabolism, homeostasis and growth

7.1 Summary

7.2 Introduction

7.3 Fish metabolism

7.4 Temperature and metabolism

7.5 Homeostasis and relations with the aquatic environment

7.5.1 The marine environment

7.5.2 The freshwater environment

7.5.3 Acid-base regulation

7.5.4 The effects of different salinities and osmotic movement of water

7.5.5 Fish and osmosis

7.5.6 Aquaporins: a route for water movement?

7.5.7 Plasma regulation and the erythrocytes

7.5.8 Osmoconformers and osmoregulators

7.5.9 Osmolytes and counteraction

7.5.10 Marine teleosts and osmoregulation

7.5.11 The coelacanths’ osmotic relations

7.5.12 Freshwater fish and osmoregulation

7.6 Mechanisms for water and ionic regulation in freshwater fish

7.7 Chloride cells

7.8 Marine chondrichthyans and ionic regulation

7.9 Euryhaline and stenohaline fish

7.10 Control of osmoregulation

7.11 The liver

7.12 Energy storage

7.12.1 Carbohydrates

7.12.2 Lipids

7.12.3 Muscle

7.13 Growth

7.13.1 The growth potential of individuals

7.13.2 Control of growth

7.13.3 Growth rate

7.13.4 Size measurements

7.13.5 Fish ages

7.14 Conclusion

Appendix

7.1 Buffers

7.2 The use of artificial media post-hypophysectomy

7.3 Fish salines

7.4 Jellied muscle

Bibliography

8 Excretion

8.1 Summary

8.2 Introduction

8.3 Pathways for excretion

8.3.1 Amino acids

8.3.2 Ureotely and ammonotely

8.3.3 Creatine

8.3.4 Haemoglobin

8.3.5 Steroids

8.3.6 Water

8.3.7 Inorganic ions

8.3.8 Particulate materials

8.3.9 Metals

8.3.10 Xenobiotics

8.4 Sites for excretion

8.4.1 The gill surface

8.4.2 The skin

8.4.3 Excretion via the liver, bile and intestine

8.4.4 The rectal gland

8.4.5 The kidney

8.5 The structure and function of the fish kidney

8.5.1 Kidney microstructure

8.5.2 The nephron

8.5.3 Nephron function

8.5.4 The aglomerular kidney

8.6 Verifying regulation of, and pathways for, excretion

8.7 The control/regulation of excretion

Bibliography

9 Reproduction

9.1 Summary

9.2 Introduction

9.3 Sexual dimorphism

9.4 Hermaphroditism, sex determination and manipulation

9.5 The male reproductive system

9.5.1 Testis microstructure

9.5.2 Spermiation and spawning

9.6 The female reproductive system

9.6.1 Vivipary, ovovivipary and ovipary

9.7 Genital pores

9.8 Gametogenesis

9.9 Spermatogenesis

9.9.1 Different types of spermatogenesis

9.9.2 Spermatogonia and mitosis

9.9.3 Spermatocytes and meiosis

9.9.4 Spermatids and sperm formation: spermiogenesis

9.10 Oogenesis

9.10.1 Stages of oogenesis

9.10.2 Vitellogenesis: yolk formation

9.10.3 Layers around developing oocytes

9.10.4 The egg membrane or chorion

9.10.5 Synchrony or asynchrony in oogenesis

9.10.6 Fecundity and atresia

9.10.7 Terminal phases of oogenesis

9.10.8 Ovulation

9.10.9 Egg structure

9.11 Fertilization

9.12 Egg and larval development

9.13 Post-reproduction

9.14 Reproductive migrations and reproductive mortality

9.15 Spawning and reproductive patterns

9.16 Reproductive omission: skipped spawning

9.17 Reproductive success

9.18 Factors controlling or influencing reproduction

Appendix

9.1 Staging systems for fish reproduction

9.2 Families with mouth-brooding

9.3 Steroids known to be or possibly involved in fish reproduction

9.4 The concept of degree days

9.5 Fluids for egg treatment

9.6 Staining sections with haematoxylin and eosin

9.7 Cell division

Bibliography

10 Integration and control: hormones

10.1 Summary

10.2 Introduction

10.3 Hormone nomenclature and classification

10.4 The chemical structure of hormones

10.5 Hormone candidates

10.6 Characteristics of hormone control

10.7 Fish hormones in relation to mammalian hormones

10.8 Stored and bound hormones, prohormones

10.9 Neurosecretion

10.10 Interaction of hormones with their targets

10.11 Endocrine organs, glands, tissues and cells

10.11.1 The pituitary gland and hypothalamus

10.11.2 The pineal organ

10.11.3 The adrenal gland homologues

10.11.4 The thyroid gland

10.11.5 The gonads

10.11.6 The urohypophysis

10.11.7 The gut and pancreas

10.11.8 Corpuscles of Stannius

10.11.9 Ultimobranchial organs, bodies or glands

10.12 Endocrine roles in controlling specific functions

10.12.1 Hormones and homeostasis

10.12.2 Hormones and reproduction

10.12.3 Hormones and growth

10.12.4 Hormones and digestion

10.12.5 Hormones and appetite

10.12.6 Hormones and the vascular system

10.12.7 Hormones and stress

10.12.8 Hormones and colour change

10.13 Overview

Appendix

10.1 Localization of endocrine cells

10.2 Hormone acronyms

Bibliography

11 Integration and control: the nervous system

11.1 Summary

11.2 Introduction

11.3 Neural cells

11.3.1 Neuroglia

11.3.2 Neurons

11.3.3 The neuron membrane and conduction

11.3.4 Synapses

11.3.5 Myelination

11.3.6 The neuropil

11.4 Antagonistic control

11.5 The organization of the fish nervous system

11.6 The central nervous system

11.6.1 The meninges

11.6.2 The organization of the brain

11.6.3 The ventricles and cerebro-spinal fluid

11.6.4 The blood–brain barrier

11.6.5 Brain size and complexity

11.6.6 The spinal cord

11.6.7 The posterior spinal cord

11.7 The peripheral nervous system

11.8 The spinal and cranial nerves

11.8.1 The terminal nerve (nerve zero)

11.9 The autonomic nervous system

11.9.1 The spinal autonomic system

11.9.2 The cranial autonomic system

11.9.3 The enteric autonomic system

11.9.4 Neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system

11.10 Individual effector control systems

11.10.1 The gut

11.10.2 Spleen, pancreas and rectal gland

11.10.3 Urinogenital system

11.10.4 Swim bladder

11.10.5 The cardiovascular system

11.10.6 Skin colour change

11.10.7 Pupillary size changes

11.11 Learned behaviour

11.12 Overview

Appendix

11.1 Excitable membranes

11.2 Neural control of muscles

Bibliography

12 Perception and sensation

12.1 Summary

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Photoreceptors: vision

12.3.1 The pineal

12.3.2 The eyes

12.3.3 The eyeball optical system: biocamera

12.3.4 Eyeball movement

12.3.5 Eyeball structure

12.3.6 The iris and pupil

12.3.7 Image formation

12.3.8 Optical system adaptations to habitat

12.3.9 The retina and its neuronal circuitry

12.3.10 Retinal photoreceptors: rods and cones

12.3.11 Retinal photomechanical activity

12.3.12 Retinal specializations

12.3.13 Perception of polarized light

12.4 Chemoreceptors: taste, smell and internal stimuli

12.4.1 Chemosensory cells

12.4.2 Taste (gustation)

12.4.3 Location and neural connections of taste receptor cells

12.4.4 Gustatory stimuli

12.4.5 Smell (olfaction)

12.4.6 The olfactory system

12.4.7 The olfactory bulbs

12.4.8 Olfactory stimuli

12.5 Mechanoreceptors: introduction

12.5.1 Merkel cells

12.5.2 Baroreceptors

12.5.3 Proprioceptors

12.6 Water movement perception and equilibrium systems

12.7 The lateral line system: perception of low-frequency vibration

12.7.1 Neuromasts and neural connections

12.7.2 Neuromast function

12.8 The ear: hearing and gravity perception

12.8.1 Semicircular canals

12.8.2 Otolith organs

12.8.3 Semicircular canal and otolith organ functions

12.8.4 Direct and indirect sound transmission

12.8.5 Hearing in vocally communicating fish

12.9 Detecting electric fields and discharges

12.9.1 Electrolocation

12.9.2 Electroreceptors

12.9.3 Types of electroreceptors

12.9.4 Electric organ discharge variation

12.9.5 Jamming avoidance

12.10 Magnetoreceptors

12.11 Nociceptors and thermoreceptors

12.12 Overview

Bibliography

13 Special adaptations

13.1 Summary

13.2 Introduction

13.3 Special adaptations linked to habitat: warm, shallow water

13.3.1 Cichlids

13.3.2 Characoids

13.3.3 Coral reef fish

13.4 Special adaptations linked to habitat: cold, deep-water systems

13.4.1 Lakes

13.4.2 The deep sea

13.4.3 Deep-sea taxa

13.4.4 Anglerfish

13.4.5 Hydrothermal vents and occasional visitors

13.4.6 The colour of deep-sea fish

13.4.7 Bioluminescence

13.5 Limited habitats

13.5.1 Cavefish

13.5.2 Desert springs

13.5.3 Polar fish

13.5.4 Temporary pools

13.5.5 Terrestrial fish

13.5.6 Burrowing

13.6 Fish communication

13.7 Sound production

13.8 Electric fish

13.8.1 Bioelectrogenesis

13.8.2 How is self-electrocution prevented?

13.9 Defence

13.10 Special adaptations linked to morphology

13.10.1 Fin shapes and modifications

13.10.2 Fish shape

13.11 Special adaptations: positional

13.12 Hermaphroditism and polymorphism

13.13 Symbioses

13.14 Conclusion

Appendix

13.1 Anemone fish and nematocysts

Bibliography

14 Fish behaviour

14.1 Summary

14.2 Introduction

14.3 Neural pathways and behaviour

14.4 Learning, memory and play

14.5 Behaviour centred on movement

14.5.1 Motile activity

14.5.2 Pelagic fish

14.5.3 Feeding

14.5.4 Torpor and sleep

14.5.5 Territoriality

14.5.6 Migration

14.6 Social behaviour

14.6.1 Fish aggregations

14.7 Chemoreception and pheromones in fish behaviour

14.8 Reproductive behaviours

14.8.1 Mate location

14.8.2 Courtship

14.8.3 Fertilization

14.8.4 Egg transfer

14.8.5 Nest-building

14.8.6 Parental care

14.9 Recognition

14.9.1 Kin recognition

14.9.2 Interspecific communication: cleanerfish

14.10 Innate behaviour

14.10.1 Colour, crypsis and mimicry

14.10.2 Ventilation

14.11 Fish behaviours and humans

14.11.1 Do fish experience pain?

14.12 Temperature sensitivity

14.13 Habitat and behaviour

14.14 Overview

Appendix

14.1 Neurotransmitters and behaviour

Bibliography

15 Obtaining information

15.1 Summary

15.2 Introduction

15.3 Choosing fish to study

15.4 Sources of background information

15.4.1 Reports

15.4.2 Refereed journals

15.4.3 Scientific (specialist) meetings

15.4.4 Books

15.4.5 Language of communication

15.5 Species studied

15.5.1 Publications

15.5.2 Reference works

15.6 Type fish

15.6.1 Dogfish

15.6.2 Sticklebacks

15.6.3 Goldfish

15.6.4 Zebrafish

15.6.5 Salmonids

15.6.6 Gadids

15.6.7 Perch

15.6.8 Flatfish

15.7 Fish habitat and availability/suitability for study

15.8 Captive fish and sources

15.9 Conclusion

Appendix

15.1 Examples of Latin and Greek basics for biological use

16 Conservation and fish function

16.1 Summary

16.2 Introduction

16.3 Conservation physiology

16.4 Abundance

16.5 Extinction

16.6 The physiology of pollution

16.6.1 Thermal pollution

16.6.2 Chemical pollution

16.6.3 Eutrophication

16.7 Habitat destruction

16.8 Rehabilitation

16.9 Disease

16.10 Fishing

16.10.1 The ‘wild’ fishery

16.10.2 Problems with the wild fishery

16.10.3 Fish farming versus the wild fishery

16.10.4 Shark-fin fishery

16.10.5 Non-endemics

16.10.6 Catch and post-catch handling

16.11 Conservation and the fisheries

16.11.1 Marine protected areas (MPAs)

16.11.2 Predictability of fish numbers

16.12 Responsibility: the tragedy of the commons

16.13 The role of physiology in conservation

16.13.1 Reproductive capacity

16.13.2 Temperature changes

16.14 Conclusion

Appendix

16.1 Compensation and depensation

16.2 Categories of vulnerability

16.3 The turbot war

Bibliography

Glossary

References

Index

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