Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers 3rd Edition by S. Bobby Rauf, ISBN-13: 978-8770223478

Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers 3rd Edition by S. Bobby Rauf, ISBN-13: 978-8770223478

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ River Publishers; 3rd edition (December 16, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• 556 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 8770223475
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-8770223478

Engineers and non-engineers often eschew electrical engineering because it is premised on concepts and mathematical techniques that are somewhat more abstract and elusive than those employed in disciplines like civil, mechanical, and industrial engineering. Yet, because of the ubiquitous nature of electrical and electronic equipment and devices, and the indispensable role electricity plays in various facets of lives, a basic understanding of electrical engineering is essential. Engineers and non-engineers find themselves interfacing with electrical apparatus and dealing with matters that permeate into the electrical realm. Therein lies the purpose and objective of this book. This edition includes numerous updated pictures, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, and improved explanation of certain concepts.

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1Electrical Engineering Basics and Direct Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Resistors in series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Resistors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Electrical Short and Open Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Capacitor and Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Capacitors in Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Capacitors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Capacitive Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Inductor and Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Series Inductor Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Parallel Combination of Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Inductive Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Magnetic Circuits Versus Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Basic Electrical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Chapter 2DC Circuit Analysis and Basic Electronic Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Voltage Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Current Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Multi-loop Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Half Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Full Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Electronic Device Applications on Printed Circuit Boards . . . . . . . 81
viii
Chapter 3Alternating Current (AC) Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Alternating Current (AC) Versus Direct Current (DC) . . . . . . . . . 89Electrodeposition — DC and the Average Value of AC . . . . . . . . 92Alternating Current and Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Polar or Phasor Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Rectangular Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Sinusoidal or Trigonometric Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Exponential Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Impedance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Common Single-phase AC Transformer Applications . . . . . . . . .113Autotransformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115Voltage Regulation, Voltage Regulators, and Buck−Boost Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116Three-phase AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Three-Phase AC Systems Versus Single-Phase AC Systems . . . . . .120Current Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Three-Phase AC Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Chapter 4DC and AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Single-Phase AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Three-Phase AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Power Conversion from Steam to Electrical Form . . . . . . . . . . .153Power Conversion from Water to Electrical Form . . . . . . . . . . .155Power Conversion in Hydraulic Pump Systems — Wire to Water Transformation of Power and Energy . . . . . . .157Chapter 5Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168Lagging Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170Lagging Power Factor from Impedance Perspective . . . . . . . . . .170Leading Power Factor and Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175Power Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Chapter 6
Demand, Load Factor, Service Factor, and
Electrical Power Bill Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Peak Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Load Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Service Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Computation of Large Industrial or
Commercial Electrical Power Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Chapter 7
Electric Motors and Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
DC Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
AC Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
AC Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Motor Torque and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Single-Phase and Three-Phase Motor Line
Current Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Three-Phase AC Induction Motor Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Synchronous Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Motor Starting Methods for Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Motor Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Typical Motor Nameplate Information for a
Large Three-phase Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Chapter 8
Power Distribution Equipment, Instrumentation,
and Electronic Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
Voltage Categories in Power Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . .235
MCCs or Motor Control Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Motor Starter — A-B Bulletin 2100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Variable Frequency Drives — Up to 250 HP: . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Smart Motor Controllers (SMCs) — Up to 500 A . . . . . . . . . . .251
Comparison between SMCs, VFDs, and Soft Starts . . . . . . . . . .253
PLC and I/O Chassis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Main Switch Yard and Medium-Voltage Switchgear . . . . . . . . . .257
Medium-Voltage Switchgear — Loop Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Medium-voltage Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
High-voltage Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Chapter 9
National Electric Code, NFPA® 70 E and Electrical Standards . . . . .265
Ampacity of Conductors —Table 310.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Electrical Safety Certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
NEMA Versus IP Enclosure Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Common Electrical/Electronic Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Chapter 10
Electrical Drawings and PLC Relay Ladder Logic Program . . . . . . .307
Electrical Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
One-line Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
Current Carrying Conductor Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Conduit and Conduit Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Overload Protection Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Starter Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Overcurrent Protection Fuse Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Fusible Disconnect Switch Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
Input Control Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328
Output Control Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Relay Ladder Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Chapter 11
Electrical Power Rate Schedules and Electrical Energy
Cost Savings Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Four-Pronged Approach to
Electrical Energy Cost Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Electric Utility Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Rates Under OPT-I Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Hourly Pricing Option/Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Areas of Opportunity for Electrical Energy Cost Savings . . . . . . .348
Energy Performance Contracting and ESCO Opportunities . . . . . .351
Electrical Energy Related Measures
Typically Included in ESCO or EPC Endeavors . . . . . . . . .354
Chapter 12
Illumination and Lighting System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Lighting Terms, Concepts, and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
Luminous Efficacy or Luminous Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
IESNA Recommended Illumination Levels and
Lighting Efficacy Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Lambert’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Illuminance Inverse Square Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Illuminance Cosine-cubed Law: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Lighting Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
Daylight-Based Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
Chapter 13
Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
Battery Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Primary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
Li-Ion Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Lead-acid or SLI Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Comparison of Electrical Energy and Charge Storage Systems . . . 402
Cost Comparison of Major Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Discharging Characteristics of Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Charging of Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Appendices
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Chapter 1: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Chapter 2: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Chapter 3: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Chapter 4: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Chapter 5: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Chapter 6: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Chapter 7: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Chapter 8: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Chapter 9: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Chapter 10: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Chapter 11: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Chapter 12: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Chapter 13: Solutions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505
Appendix B

508
Common Units and Unit Conversion Factors

.508
Appendix C

512
Greek Symbols Commonly Used in Electrical Engineering
. . . . . .512
Index
513
Biography
537

S. Bobby Rauf is the President, Chief Consultant and a Senior Instructor at Sem-Train, LLC. Mr. Rauf has over 25 years of experience in teaching undergraduate and post graduate Engineering, Science, Math, Business Administration and MBA courses, seminars and workshops. Mr. Rauf earned his BS in Electrical Engineering, with honors, from NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. He earned his Executive MBA degree from Pfeiffer University Misenheimer, NC, US. He is a registered Professional Engineer, in the States of Virginia, Wyoming and North Carolina and is a Certified Energy Manager. He holds a patent in process controls technology.

Mr. Rauf was inducted as “Legend in Energy” by AEE, in 2014. Mr. Rauf is a member of ASEE, American Society of Engineering Education.

Mr. Rauf is certified to instruct various engineering, ergonomics, and industrial safety courses. He has conducted certification training and trained engineers for Professional Engineering licensure exams in the United States and abroad over the past fifteen years.

Mr. Rauf develops and instructs PDH (Professional Development Hour) and, continuing education, engineering skill building courses. He conducts these course in form of webinars, live on-site presentations, workshops, pre-recorded audio and self-study texts. Some his major clients include Amazon, NYC MTA, NYSSPE, Patrick Engineering, and several universities. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Gardner-Webb University.

Mr. Rauf has published the following textbooks over the last ten years:

• Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers
• Thermodynamics Made Simple for Energy Engineers
• Finance and Accounting for Energy Engineers

He has also developed and published several self-study books, in electronic format, that cater to the continuous professional development needs of Engineers, Technicians and Technical Managers. Mr. Rauf’s last full-time engineering employment, in the corporate world, was at PPG Industries, Inc. where he served as a Senior Staff Engineer. During his long career at PPG, his responsibilities included development and management of energy and ergonomics programs for multiple manufacturing plants, in the US and overseas.

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