Biochemistry 9th Edition by Mary K. Campbell, ISBN-13: 978-1305961135

Description

Biochemistry 9th Edition by Mary K. Campbell, ISBN-13: 978-1305961135

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• Publisher: ‎ Cengage Learning; 9th edition (January 1, 2017)
• Language: ‎ English
• 896 pages
• ISBN-10: 1337653063

• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1305961135

Ideal for those studying biochemistry for the first time, this proven book balances scientific detail with readability and shows you how principles of biochemistry affect your everyday life. Designed throughout to help you succeed (and excel!), the book includes in-text questions that help you master key concepts, end-of-chapter problem sets grouped by problem type that help you prepare for exams, and state-of-the art visuals that help you understand key processes and concepts. In addition, visually dynamic “Hot Topics” cover the latest advances in the field, while “Biochemical Connections” demonstrate how biochemistry affects other fields, such as health and sports medicine. The accompanying OWL homework offers end-of-chapter problems in digital form, giving you on-demand access to hints, solutions, and other information directly related to the problem.

Table of Contents:

Half Title

Title

Statement

Copyright

Dedication

About the Authors

Brief Contents

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells

1-1 Basic Themes

1-2 Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry

1-3 The Beginnings of Biology

1-4 The Biggest Biological Distinction—Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

1-5 How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

1A Biochemical Connections Biotechnology: Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry

1-6 Biochemical Energetics

1B Biochemical Connections Thermodynamics: Predicting Reactions

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

2-1 Water and Polarity

2-2 Hydrogen Bonds

2A Biochemical Connections Chemistry: How Basic Chemistry Affects Life: The Importance of the Hydrog

2-3 Acids, Bases, and pH

2-4 Titration Curves

2-5 Buffers

2B Biochemical Connections Buffer Chemistry: Buffer Selection

2C Biochemical Connections Chemistry of Blood: Some Physiological Consequences of Blood Buffering

2D Biochemical Connections Acids and Sports: Lactic Acid•Not Always the Bad Guy

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides

3-1 Amino Acids Are Three-Dimensional

3-2 Structures and Properties of Amino Acids

3-3 Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases

3-4 The Peptide Bond

3-5 Small Peptides with Physiological Activity

3A Biochemical Conections physiology: Peptide Hormones•Small Molecules with Big Effects

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

4-1 Protein Structure and Function

4-2 Primary Structure of Proteins

4-3 Secondary Structure of Proteins

4-4 T ertiary Structure of Proteins

4-5 Quaternary Structure of Proteins

4A Biochemical Connections Medicine: Sickle Cell Anemia

4-6 Protein-Folding Dynamics

4B Biochemical Connections Medicine: Protein-Folding Diseases

Hot Topic: Aging—Looking for the Biochemical Fountain of Youth

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

5-1 Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells

5-2 Column Chromatography

5-3 Electrophoresis

5-4 Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein

5-5 Protein Detection Techniques

5A Biochemical Connections Instrumentation: The Power of Mass Spectrometry

5-6 Proteomics

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes

6-1 Enzyme Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics

6A Biochemical Connections Health Sciences: Enzymes as Markers for Disease

6-2 Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

6-3 Enzyme•Substrate Binding

6-4 The Michaelis–Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics

6B Biochemical Connections Neuroscience: Enzyme Lets You Enjoy Champagne

6C Biochemical Connections Physical Organic Chemistry: Practical Information from Kinetic Data

6-5 Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

6-6 Enzyme Inhibition

6D Biochemical Connections Medicine: Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 7: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control

7-1 Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes

7-2 The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes

7A Biochemical Connections Medicine: Allosterism: Drug Companies Exploit the Concept

7-3 Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation

7B Biochemical Connections Medicine: An Ancient Drug Works by Stimulating a Protein Kinase

7-4 Zymogens

7-5 The Nature of the Active Site

7C Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Families of Enzymes: Proteases

7-6 Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms

7-7 The Active Site and Transition States

7D Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine

7-8 Coenzymes

7E Biochemical Connections Environmental Toxicology: Catalysts for Green Chemistry

Hot Topic: Alzheimer’s Disease

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 8: Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

8-1 The Definition of a Lipid

8-2 The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types

8-3 Biological Membranes

8A Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Butter versus Margarine—Which Is Healthier?

8B Biochemical Connections Biotechnology: Membranes in Drug Delivery

8-4 Membrane Proteins

8-5 The Functions of Membranes

8C Biochemical Connections Physiology: Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat

8-6 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions

8D Biochemical Connections Neuroscience: Vision Has Great Chemistry

8-7 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

8E Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Why Should We Eat More Salmon?

Hot Topic: The Science of Happiness and Depression

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information

9-1 Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids

9-2 The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides

9A Biochemical Connections Law: Who Owns Your Genes?

9-3 The Structure of DNA

9B Biochemical Connections Genetics: The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora’s Box?

9-4 Denaturation of DNA

9-5 The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures

9-6 Roles for RNA

9-7 RNA and Medical Applications

9C Biochemical Connections Genetics: Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical

Hot Topic: The Genetics of Breast Cancer

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication

10-1 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell

10-2 Replication of DNA

10-3 DNA Polymerase

10-4 Proteins Required for DNA Replication

10-5 Proofreading and Repair

10A Biochemical Connections Genetics: Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil?

10-6 DNA Recombination

10B Biochemical Connections Microbiology: The SOS Response in E. coli

10-7 Eukaryotic DNA Replication

10C Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Telomerase and Cancer

10D Biochemical Connections Evolutionary Biology: Self-Replicating RNAs

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA

11-1 Overview of Transcription

11-2 Transcription in Prokaryotes

11-3 Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes

11A Biochemical Connections Bacteriology: Riboswitches Provide Another Weapon against Pathogens

11-4 Transcription in Eukaryotes

11-5 Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes

11-6 Noncoding RNAs

11B Biochemical Connections Medicine: A Micro RNA Helps Regenerate Nerve Synapses after Injury

11-7 Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins

11-8 Posttranscriptional RNA Modifications

11-9 Ribozymes

Hot Topic: Epigenetics

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message

12-1 Translating the Genetic Message

12-2 The Genetic Code

12A Biochemical Connections Virology: Influenza A Virus Alters the Reading Frame to Lower Its Morbid

12-3 Amino Acid Activation

12-4 Prokaryotic Translation

12-5 Eukaryotic Translation

12B Biochemical Connections Neurology: Protein Synthesis Makes Memories

12-6 Posttranslational Modification of Proteins

12C Biochemical Connections Genetics: Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent

12D Biochemical Connections Biophysical Chemistry: Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations

12-7 Protein Degradation

12E Biochemical Connections Physiology: How Do We Adapt to High Altitude?

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques

13-1 Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids

13-2 Restriction Endonucleases

13-3 Cloning

13-4 Genetic Engineering

13A Biochemical Connections Plant Science: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

13B Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques

13-5 DNA Libraries

13C Biochemical Connections Analytical Chemistry (Chromatography) Fusion Proteins and Fast Purificat

13-6 The Polymerase Chain Reaction

13-7 DNA Fingerprinting

13D Biochemical Connections Forensics: CSI: Biochemistry—Forensic Uses of DNA Testing

13-8 Sequencing DNA

13-9 Genomics and Proteomics

Hot Topic: Crispr

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology

14-1 Viruses

14-2 Retroviruses

14A Biochemical Connections Medicine: Viruses Are Used for Gene Therapy

14-3 The Immune System

14B Biochemical Connections Medicine: The First Vaccine: Bad Science Gone Good

14C Biochemical Connection Virology: Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System

14-4 Cancer

14D Biochemical Connections Genetics: Cancer: The Dark Side of the Human Genome

14E Biochemical Connections Biotechnology: Nanotech Tackles Cancer

14F Biochemical Connections Immunology and Oncology: Attacking the Symptoms Instead of the Disease?

14-5 AIDS

Hot Topic: Stem Cells: Science and Politics

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism

15-1 Standard States for Free-Energy Changes

15-2 A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications

15-3 The Nature of Metabolism

15A Biochemical Connections Thermodynamics: Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems

15-4 The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism

15-5 Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

15-6 Coupling of Production and Use of Energy

15B Biochemical Connections Physiology: ATP in Cell Signaling

15-7 Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 16: Carbohydrates

16-1 Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry

16A Biochemical Connections Nutrition and Health: Low-Carbohydrate Diets

16-2 Reactions of Monosaccharides

16B Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Vitamin C is Related to Sugars

16-3 Some Important Oligosaccharides

16C Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink

16-4 Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides

16D Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You?

16-5 Glycoproteins

16E Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 17: Glycolysis

17-1 The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis

17A Biochemical Connections Environmental Science: Biofuels from Fermentation

17-2 Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose to Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

17B Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Dolphins as a Model for Humans with Diabetes

17-3 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate

17-4 Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate

17C Biochemical Connections Allied Health (Dentistry): What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Meta

17D Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

17E Biochemical Connections Cancer Research: Using Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes to Treat Cancer

17-5 Energy Production in Glycolysis

17-6 Control of Glycolysis

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 18: Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

18-1 How Glycogen Is Degraded and Produced

18A Biochemical Connections Exercise Physiology: Why Do Athletes Go in for Glycogen Loading?

18-2 Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate

18-3 Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism

18-4 Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

18B Biochemical Connections Allied Health: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle

19-1 The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism

19-2 The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle

19-3 How Pyruvate is Converted to Acetyl-CoA

19-4 The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle

19A Biochemical Connections Toxicology: Fluorine Compounds and Carbohydrate Metabolism

19B Biochemical Connections Labeling Methods: What Is the Origin of the CO₂ Released by the Citric

19-5 Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle

19-6 The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway

19-7 The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism

19-8 The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism

19C Biochemical Connections Evolution: Why Can’t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants a

19D Biochemical Connection Nutrition: Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight?

19-9 The Link to Oxygen

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

20-1 The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism

20-2 Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain

20-3 Organization of Electron Transport Complexes

20-4 The Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation

20-5 The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation

20-6 Shuttle Mechanisms

20A Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Sports and Metabolism

20-7 The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose

Hot Topic: What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity?

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 21: Lipid Metabolism

21-1 Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy

21-2 Catabolism of Lipids

21-3 The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids

21-4 Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids

21-5 Ketone Bodies

21-6 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

21A Biochemical Connections Gene Expression: Transcription Activators in Lipid Biosynthesis

21B Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase—A New Target in the Fight against Ob

21C Biochemical Connections Genetics: A Gene for Obesity

21-7 Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids

21-8 Cholesterol Biosynthesis

21D Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Atherosclerosis

21-9 H ormonal Control of Appetite

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 22: Photosynthesis

22-1 Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis

22A Biochemical Connections Physics: The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light

22-2 Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

22-3 Photosynthesis and ATP Production

22-4 Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen

22B Biochemical Connections Applied Genetics: Improving the Yield of Antimalarial Plants

22-5 Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO₂

22C Biochemical Connections Agriculture: Plants Feed Animals—Plants Need Energy—Plants Can Produ

22D Biochemical Connections Genetics: Chloroplast Genes

22-6 CO₂ Fixation in Tropical Plants

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen

23-1 Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview

23-2 Nitrogen Fixation

23A Biochemical Connections Plant Science: Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important?

23-3 Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism

23-4 Amino Acid Biosynthesis

23-5 Essential Amino Acids

23-6 Amino Acid Catabolism

23B Biochemical Connections Physiology: Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes

23-7 Purine Biosynthesis

23-8 Purine Catabolism

23-9 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism

23-10 Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides

23-11 Conversion of dUDP to dTTP

23C Biochemical Connections Medicine: Chemotherapy and Antibiotics—Taking Advantage of the Need fo

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Chapter 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling

24-1 Connections between Metabolic Pathways

24A Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Alcohol Consumption and Addiction

24-2 Biochemistry and Nutrition

24B Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement

24-3 Hormones and Second Messengers

24-4 Hormones and the Control of Metabolism

24C Biochemical Connections Nutrition: Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets

24-5 Insulin and Its Effects

24D Biochemical Connections Allied Health: A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away?

24E Biochemical Connections Allied Health: Insulin, Diabetes, and Cancer

Hot Topic: G-Protein—Coupled Receptors

Summary

Review Exercises

Further Reading

Answers to Review Exercises

Index

Mary K. Campbell was Professor Emeritus of chemistry at Mount Holyoke College, where she taught biochemistry, general chemistry, and physical chemistry, as well as advised undergraduates working on biochemical research projects. Her avid interest in writing led to the publication of many highly successful editions of INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY. She also coauthored BIOCHEMISTRY with Shawn O. Farrell. Originally from Philadelphia, Dr. Campbell received her Ph.D. from Indiana University and completed post-doctoral work in biophysical chemistry at Johns Hopkins University. Her areas of interest included researching the physical chemistry of biomolecules, specifically, spectroscopic studies of protein-nucleic acid interactions.

Shawn O. Farrell, a native of Northern California, received his B.S. in biochemistry from University of California, Davis, studying carbohydrate metabolism. He completed his Ph.D. in biochemistry at Michigan State University, where he focused on the study of fatty acid metabolism. Dr. Farrell became interested in biochemistry while in college, as it was relevant to his passion for bicycle racing. He raced competitively for 15 years and now officiates bicycle races worldwide. He has taught biochemistry lecture and laboratory courses at Colorado State University for 19 years and now works for the Bicycle Racing Association of Colorado as its Executive Director. Professor Farrell has written scientific journal articles about specific research projects and about laboratory teaching, as well as articles for sports publications, such as “Salmon, Trout, and Steelheader” magazine. He is co-author with Mary Campbell on BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th through 8th editions (Cengage Learning); co-author with William Brown, Mary Campbell, and Omar Torres on GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY; and author of EXPERIMENTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY: A HANDS ON APPROACH (Cengage Learning).

Owen M. McDougal is a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Boise State University. A native of upstate New York, his love of the outdoors inspired him to travel west for graduate school and pursue a Ph.D. at the University of Utah in the laboratory of C. Dale Poulter. His work to elucidate the three-dimensional structures of neuropeptides by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involved the application of physical chemistry to address problems in biological systems. Upon completion of his Ph.D., Dr. McDougal sought an academic environment that allowed him to share his passion for science with students. He taught general, organic, and biological chemistry at Southern Oregon University which allowed him to hone his instructional skills. Looking to advance his love for writing, Owen shifted to a faculty position in the research-intensive environment at Boise State University, where he investigates the bioactivity of marine and terrestrial natural products, including studies of food chemistry, nutraceutical products, and specialty chemicals.

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