Introduction to Audiology 13th Edition by Frederick Martin, ISBN-13: 978-0134695044

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Introduction to Audiology 13th Edition by Frederick Martin, ISBN-13: 978-0134695044

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• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 13th edition (January 3, 2018)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎544 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0134695046
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0134695044

A comprehensive introduction to hearing and balance disorders.

Introduction to Audiology offers a thorough introduction to hearing and balance disorders in a user-friendly format. Extensive pedagogical tools help students better understand, retain, and analyze the material, while the presentation of topics allows instructors to adapt the content to suit their specific teaching goals. The abundance of how-to information, incorporation of current research, and updated learning aids showcase the rewarding, fascinating aspects of a career in audiology today.

The 13th Edition features:

• A new chapter on the diagnosis and management of balance, tinnitus, and sound tolerance problems that better orients students to the full range of audiologic practice (Ch. 13).
• State-of-the-art topic coverage such as over-the-counter hearing aids, high-frequency and multifrequency tympanometry, and telehealth that keeps students current with changes in the profession.
• Clinical Commentaries that drive home important concepts or expand on the material. In response to reviewer feedback, more Clinical Commentaries are infused throughout the text.
• Illustrations and figures with expanded captions which help readers visualize the conditions they are reading about.

Table of Contents:

Contents

Preface

New to This Edition

How to Use This Book

About the Authors

Introduction to Audiology

Core Competencies

PART I ELEMENTS OF AUDIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1 The Profession of Audiology

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1 The Evolution of Audiology

Academic Preparation in Audiology

Licensing and Certification

A Blending of Art and Science

1.2 People and Places

Prevalence and Impact of Hearing Loss

Audiology Specialties

Medical Audiology

Educational Audiology

Pediatric Audiology

Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology

Industrial Audiology

Recreational and Animal Audiology

Tele-Audiology

Employment Settings

Professional Societies

Summary

Websites

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 2 Sound and Its Measurement

LEARNING OUTCOMES

2.1 Sound

Waves

Transverse Waves

Longitudinal Waves

Sine Waves

Vibrations

Effects of Energy on Vibration

Free Vibrations

Forced Vibrations

Frequency

Effects of Length on Frequency

Effects of Mass on Frequency

Effects of Stiffness on Frequency

Resonance

Sound Velocity

Wavelength

Phase

Interference

Beats

Complex Sounds

Fundamental Frequency

Harmonics

Spectrum of a Complex Sound

Intensity

Force

Pressure

Work

Power

Intensity of a Sound Wave

Impedance

2.2 The Decibel

Logarithms

Intensity Level

Sound-Pressure Level

Hearing Level

Sensation Level

Environmental Sounds

2.3 Psychoacoustics

Pitch

Loudness

Localization

Masking

2.4 Sound Measurement

The Pure-Tone Audiometer

Air Conduction

Bone Conduction

The Speech Audiometer

Air Conduction

Sound Field

Sound-Level Meters

Acceptable Noise Levels for Audiometry

Calibration of Audiometers

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

PART II HEARING ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 3 The Human Ear, Hearing Loss, and Pure-Tone Hearing Tests

LEARNING OUTCOMES

3.1 Basics of How the Ear Works and the Hearing Losses that May Disrupt Sound Reception

Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive Hearing Loss

Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss

Mixed Hearing Loss

Central Hearing Loss

Nonorganic Hearing Loss

3.2 Testing Hearing

Tuning-Fork Tests

Pure-Tone Audiometry

Controlling the Test Environment

Earphone Attenuation Devices

Insert Earphones

Noise-Cancellation Headphones

Sound-Isolated Chambers

The Patient’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry

Patient Response

False Responses

The Clinician’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry

Positioning the Patient for Testing

3.3 Air- and Bone-Conduction Hearing Tests

Air-Conduction Audiometry

Procedure for Air-Conduction Audiometry

Procedure for Bone-Conduction Audiometry

The Audiometric Weber Test

Pure-Tone Audiometry with Reduced Clinician Time

Automatic Audiometry

Computerized Audiometry

3.4 Audiogram Interpretation

Air-Bone Relationships

Tactile Responses to Pure-Tone Stimuli

Cross Hearing

Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder

Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder

Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder

Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 4 Speech Audiometry

LEARNING OUTCOMES

4.1 Requirements for Speech Audiometric Testing

The Diagnostic Audiometer

Test Environment

The Patient’s Role in Speech Audiometry

The Clinician’s Role in Speech Audiometry

4.2 Speech-Threshold Testing

Speech-Detection Threshold

Speech-Recognition Threshold

SRT Testing with Spondaic Words

Recording SRT Results

Bone-Conduction SRT

Relationship of SRT to SDT and the Pure-Tone Audiogram.

4.3 Speech-Recognition Testing

Monosyllabic Word Lists

Testing Word Recognition with Shortened Lists

Short Isophonemic Word Lists

High-Frequency Emphasis Lists

Nonsense-Syllable Lists

Testing of Monosyllables with a Closed-Response Set

Testing Speech Recognition with Sentences

Testing Speech Recognition with Competition

Multi-Purpose Speech Recognition Testing

Recording Speech-Recognition Test Results

Administration of Speech-Recognition Tests

Selection of Stimuli, Materials, and Response Method

Performance-Intensity Functions in Speech-Recognition Testing

Test Presentation Level

Problems in Speech-Recognition Testing

Bone-Conduction Speech-Recognition Testing

Computerized Speech Audiometry

Speech-Recognition, the Audibility Index, and Implications for Speech-Language Therapy

4.4 Loudness Comfort, Discomfort and Sound Interference

Most Comfortable Loudness Level

Uncomfortable Loudness Level

Acceptable Noise Level

Dynamic Range

Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder

Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder

Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder

Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Reading

CHAPTER 5 Masking

LEARNING OUTCOMES

5.1 Why Do We Mask and How Do We Do It?

Cross Hearing in Air- and Bone-Conduction Audiometry

Masking

Noises Used in Pure-Tone Masking

Determining Effective Masking Levels

Central Masking

How Much Masking is Too Much Masking?

A Tried and True Approach to Masking: The Plateau Method

Masking for Bone Conduction

Plotting Masked Results on the Audiogram

5.2 Masking for Speech Audiometry

Cross Hearing in SRT Tests

Noises Used in Masking for Speech

Calibration of Speech-Masking Noises

Central Masking for Speech

Masking for SRT with the Plateau Method

Recording Masked SRT Results

Cross Hearing and Masking in Speech-Recognition Score Testing

Compensation for Central Masking

Maximum Masking

Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder

Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder

Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder

Case Study 5: Non-organic Hearing Loss

Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 6 Physiological Tests of the Auditory System

LEARNING OUTCOMES

6.1 Acoustic Immittance

Measurements Made on Acoustic Immittance Meters

Factors Governing Acoustic Immittance

Equipment for Middle-Ear Immittance Measurements

Measurement of Static Acoustic Compliance

Normal Values for Static Acoustic Compliance

Recording and Interpreting Static Acoustic Compliance

Tympanometry

Recording and Qualitative Interpretation of Tympanometric Results

Objective Interpretation of Tympanometric Results

High Frequency and Multi-Frequency Tympanometry and Wideband Acoustic Immittance

Measuring the Acoustic Reflex as Part of the Acoustic Immittance Battery

Implications of the Acoustic Reflex

Interpreting the Acoustic Reflex

Acoustic Reflex Decay Test

Recording and Interpreting Acoustic Reflex Decay Test Results

Laser-Doppler Vibrometer Measurement

6.2 Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)

Transient-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions

Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions

Measuring OAEs

Interpreting OAEs

6.3 Auditory-Evoked Potentials

Electrocochleography

Auditory Brain-Stem Response (ABR) Audiometry

Interpreting the ABR

Auditory Steady-State Response

Interpreting the ASSR

Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR) Audiometry

Interpreting the AMLR.

Auditory Late Responses (ALRs)

Interpreting the Auditory Late Responses

Intraoperative Monitoring

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 7 Pediatric Hearing Loss Identification and Assessment

LEARNING OUTCOMES

7.1 Identifying Hearing Loss in Infants Under Three Months of Age

Infant Hearing Screening

The History of Neonatal Hearing Screening.

Neonatal Screening with ABR

Neonatal Screening with Otoacoustic Emissions

Meeting the Needs and Challenges of Newborn Hearing Screening

Beyond Early Identification

7.2 Pediatric Hearing Evaluation

Subjective Observations in Pediatric Hearing Evaluations

Objective Tests in Pediatric Hearing Evaluations

Behavioral Testing of Children from Birth to Approximately Two Years of Age

Auditory Responses

Sound-Field Audiometry

Sound-Field Test Stimuli

Behavioral Testing of Children Approximately Two to Five Years of Age

Speech Audiometry

Operant Conditioning Audiometry

Play Audiometry

Electrophysiological Hearing Tests

7.3 Identifying Hearing Loss in the Schools

Hearing Screening Measures

Testing the Reliability of Screening Measures

Non-organic Hearing Loss in School-aged Children

Case Study 4: Pediatric Patient

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

PART III HEARING DISORDERS

CHAPTER 8 The Outer Ear

LEARNING OUTCOMES

8.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Outer Ear

Development of the Outer Ear

The Auricle

The External Auditory Canal

The Tympanic Membrane

8.2 Disorders of the Outer Ear and Their Treatments

Disorders of the Auricle

Atresia of the External Auditory Canal

Collapsing External Auditory Canals

Foreign Bodies in the External Ear Canal

External Otitis

Growths in the External Auditory Canal

Earwax in the External Auditory Canal

Perforations of the Tympanic Membrane

Thickening of the Tympanic Membrane

Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 9 The Middle Ear

LEARNING OUTCOMES

9.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Middle Ear

Development of the Middle Ear

The Eustachian Tube

The Mastoid

Windows of the Middle Ear

Bones in the Middle Ear

The Middle-Ear Impedance Matcher

Nonauditory Structures in the Middle Ear

9.2 Disorders of the Middle Ear and Their Treatments

Negative Middle-Ear Pressure

Suppurative Otitis Media

Audiometric Findings in Suppurative Otitis Media

Antibiotic Treatment of Otitis Media

Dormant Otitis Media

Serous Effusion of the Middle Ear

Surgical Treatment for Middle-Ear Fluid

Mucous Otitis Media

Cholesteatoma

Mastoidectomy

Tympanoplasty

Facial Palsy

Patulous Eustachian Tube (PET)

Otosclerosis

Audiometric Findings in Otosclerosis

Treatment of Otosclerosis

Other Causes of Middle-Ear Hearing Loss

Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 10 The Inner Ear

LEARNING OUTCOMES

10.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Inner Ear

Development of the Inner Ear

The Vestibular Mechanism

The Auditory Mechanism

Basilar Membrane

Physiology of the Cochlea

The Fluids of the Cochlea

The Cochlear Microphonic

The Auditory Neuron

The Action Potential

The Efferent System of the Cochlea

Theories of Hearing

Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea

Hypotheses for Hair Cell Transduction

Otoacoustic Emissions

10.2 Hearing Loss and Disorders of the Inner Ear

Prenatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss

Perinatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss

Postnatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss

Tobacco Smoke and Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss

Otosclerosis

Barotrauma

Radiation-Induced Hearing Loss

Cochlear Hearing Loss Following Surgical Complications

Sudden Idiopathic Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss

Ménière’s Disease

Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome

Autoimmune Inner-Ear Disease

Head Trauma/Traumatic Brain Injury

Presbycusis

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Hidden Hearing Loss

Toxic Causes of Cochlear Hearing Loss

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 11 The Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways

LEARNING OUTCOMES

11.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways

Development of the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Nervous System

11.2 Hearing Loss and the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways

Disorders of the Auditory Nerve

Tumor of the Auditory Nerve

Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD)

Disorders of the Cochlear Nuclei

Causes of Cochlear Nuclei Disorders

Disorders of the Higher Auditory Pathways

Auditory Processing Disorders

Minimal Auditory Deficiency Syndrome

Central Deafness

11.3 Tests for Auditory Processing Disorders

Binaural Interaction Tests

Band-Pass Binaural Fusion

Listening in Spacialized Noise Test

Rapidly Alternating Speech Perception (RASP)

Masking-Level Difference

Temporal Patterning Tests

Gaps-in-Noise Test

Auditory Durations Patterns Test

Dichotic Tests

The Dichotic Digits Test

The Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) Test

Synthetic Sentence Identification Test with Contralateral Competing Message

Competing Sentence Tests

Monaural Speech Tests

Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message

Filtered Speech Tests

Time-Compressed Speech

Performance-Intensity Function Testing

Other Indices of Central Auditory Function

Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders

Acoustic Reflex Test

Auditory Evoked Potentials

Otoacoustic Emissions

Approaching APD through a Battery of Tests

Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss–Auditory Nerve Disorder

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 12 Nonorganic Hearing Loss

LEARNING OUTCOMES

12.1 Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Terminology

Indications of Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Tinnitus

12.2 Testing for Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Performance on Routine Hearing Tests

Objective Tests

Acoustic Reflex Tests

Auditory Evoked Potentials.

Otoacoustic Emissions

Behavioral Tests for Nonorganic Hearing Loss

The Stenger Test

The Speech Stenger Test

The Doerfler-Stewart Test

The Lombard Test

The Delayed-Speech Feedback Test

The Pure-Tone Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) Test

Variations on Békésy Audiometry Using a Conventional Audiometer

The Varying Intensity Story Test

Other Confusion Tests

12.3 Management of Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

PART IV AUDIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 13 Beyond Hearing: Management of Balance Disorders, Tinnitus, and Decreased Sound Tolerance

LEARNING OUTCOMES

13.1 Disturbances of Balance

Tests for Vestibular Abnormality

Vestibular Rehabilitation

13.2 Tinnitus and Its Management

Tinnitus Classifications

What Causes Tinnitus and Why Does It Bother Some but Not Others?

Tinnitus Evaluation

Tinnitus Management

13.3 Decreased Sound Tolerance (DST)

Hyperacusis

Misophonia

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 14 Amplification/ Sensory Systems

LEARNING OUTCOMES

14.1 Hearing Aid Development

Hearing Aid Circuit Overview

Electroacoustic Characteristics of Hearing Aids

Output Sound-Pressure Level

Acoustic Gain

Frequency Response

Distortion

Other Hearing Aid Parameters

14.2 Types of Hearing Aids

Behind-the-Ear Hearing Aids

Receiver in Canal Hearing Aids

In-the-Ear Hearing Aids

In-the-Canal Hearing Aids

Completely in-the-Canal Hearing Aids

Invisible-in-the-Canal Hearing Aids

Light-Driven Hearing Aids

Bilateral/Binaural Amplification

CROS Hearing Aids

Bone-Conduction Hearing Aids

14.3 Implantable Hearing Assistance

Implantable Bone-Conduction Devices

Middle-Ear Implants

Cochlear Implants

Auditory Brain-Stem Implants

14.4 Hearing Aid Selection and Fitting

Working with Adults

Verification and Validation of Hearing Aid Performance for Adults

Working with Children

Verification and Validation of Hearing Aid Performance for Children

Hearing Aid Acceptance and Orientation

Dispensing Hearing Aids

Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Sales

14.5 Personal Sound Amplification Products and Hearing Assistance Technologies

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 15 Patient Management

LEARNING OUTCOMES

15.1 Gathering and Sharing Information

Patient Histories and Perceptions

Referral to Other Specialists

Liaisons with Otolaryngologists

Liaisons with Speech-Language Pathologists

Liaisons with Clinical Psychologists

Liaisons with Genetic Counselors

Liaisons with Teachers of Children with Hearing Impairments

Liaisons with Regular School Classroom Teachers

15.2 Audiological Counseling

Diagnostic Counseling

Emotional Response to Hearing Loss

Personal Adjustment Counseling

Counseling Support Groups

15.3 Management of Adult Hearing Impairment

Communication Management

Group Intervention

Speechreading Training with Adults

Tele-audiology

Geriatric Concerns

Successful Outcomes through Evidenced-Based Practice

15.4 Management of Childhood Hearing Impairment

Remaining Cognizant of Complicating Factors

Auditory Processing Disorders

Auditory Neuropathy in Children

Developmental Disabilities

Language Disorders

Psychological Disorders

Auditory Training with Children

Speechreading Training with Children

Educational Options

Communication Methodologies

American Sign Language

Auditory-Verbal Approach

Aural/Oral Method

Cued Speech

Manually-Coded English

15.5 Management of Auditory Processing Disorders

Management of APD in Children

Management of APD in Adults

15.6 Multicultural Considerations

The Deaf Community

Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer-Ear Disorder

Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle-Ear Disorder

Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder

Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder

Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss

Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Suggested Readings

Glossary

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Frederick N. Martin, PhD, is the Lillie Hage Jamail Centennial Professor Emeritus in Communication Sciences and Disorders at The University of Texas at Austin. In addition to Introduction to Audiology, he has authored 7 books, co-authored another 7, edited 13, and co-edited 3 including texts on pediatric audiology, medical audiology, and audiological counseling. He has written 24 chapters for edited texts, 122 journal articles, 104 convention or conference papers and 5 CD-ROMs. Dr. Martin was named Professor of the Year by the National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association for 2002 to 2003 and is the recipient of numerous additional teaching awards and recognitions including the Career Award in Hearing from the American Academy of Audiology.

John Greer Clark, PhD, is a professor and director of audiology education at the University of Cincinnati. A frequent presenter at state, national and international conferences, he has served as a faculty fellow for the Ida Institute in Naerum, Denmark and a board member of the American Academy of Audiology. Dr. Clark is a past president of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology and past chair of the American Board of Audiology. He is the author of over 100 publications including 3 edited textbooks, a variety of coedited and coauthored texts (including the popular Counseling-Infused Audiologic Careco–authored with Dr. Kristina English and published by Pearson), 2 single-authored books and 17 book chapters. He is the recipient of the Distinguished Achievement Award from the American Academy of Audiology.

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