Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology 7th Edition by Richard J. Johnson, ISBN-13: 978-0323825924

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Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology 7th Edition by Richard J. Johnson, ISBN-13: 978-0323825924

[PDF eBook eTextbook] – Available Instantly

• Publisher: ‎ Elsevier; 7th edition (April 19, 2023)
• Language: ‎ English
• 1328 pages (Large file size: 59 MB)
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0323825923
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0323825924

Written for fellows, practicing nephrologists, and internists who treat patients with disorders affecting the renal system, Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, 7th Edition, offers a practical approach to this complex field, supported by underlying scientific facts and pathophysiology. World leaders in nephrology provide current information on clinical procedures and conditions, covering everything from fluid and electrolyte disorders to hypertension, diabetes, dialysis, transplantation, and more—all in a single, convenient volume.

– Provides a “just right” amount of basic science and practical clinical guidance to help you make efficient and informed decisions.

– Contains new chapters on Blood Pressure Management in the Dialysis Patient, Kidney Diseases Associated with Corona Viruses, Ultrasound Imaging in Nephrology, and Radiologic and Nuclear Imaging in Nephrology.

– Includes more than 1,500 full-color illustrations that highlight key topics and detail pathogenesis for a full range of kidney conditions and clinical management.

– Covers key topics such as COVID-19, chronic kidney disease, end stage kidney disease, kidney transplantation, glomerular disease, onco-nephrology, dialysis, and much more.

– Features popular, color-coded algorithms that provide easy access to important content: yellow boxes for general information, green boxes for therapeutic intervention, and blue boxes for necessary investigations.

– Includes quick-reference boxes with links to clinical guidelines in all relevant chapters, plus self-assessment questions online.

Table of Contents:

Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Contributors

Videos

Section I. Essential Renal Anatomy and Physiology

1. Renal Anatomy

Structure of the Kidney

Collecting Duct System

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Kidney Interstitium

2. Renal Physiology

Glomerular Structure and Ultrastructure

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Renal Plasma Flow

Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

Tubular Transport

Transport in Specific Nephron Segments

Glomerulotubular Balance

Countercurrent System

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) and Water Reabsorption

Integrated Control of Kidney Function

Section II. Investigation of Renal Disease

3. Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Measurement and Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate

Clearance Measurements

Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate

Creatinine

Cystatin C

Urea and Other Metabolites

Other Low-Molecular-Weight Serum Proteins

Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

Living Kidney Donor Candidates

Drug Dosing

4. Urinalysis

Definition

Urine Sample

Physical Characteristics

Chemical Characteristics

Urine Microscopy

Interpretation of Urine Sediment Findings

Automated Analysis of Urine Sediment

5. Point of Care Ultrasound in Nephrology

Definition and Scope

Basic Physics and Instrumentation

Kidney and Bladder Ultrasound

Focused Cardiac Ultrasound

Ultrasound of the Lung and Pleura

Arterial and Venous Doppler of the Kidney and Other Organs

6. Radiologic and Nuclear Imaging in Nephrology

Ultrasound

Renal Artery Duplex Scanning

Contrast-Enhanced and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound

Plain Radiography and Fluoroscopy

Retrograde Pyelography

Antegrade Pyelography

Imaging Ileal Conduits

Cystography

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

Angiography

Renal Venography

Nuclear Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography

Molecular Imaging

Radiologic Contrast Agents

7. Kidney Biopsy

Indications for Kidney Biopsy

Value of Kidney Biopsy

Prebiopsy Evaluation

Kidney Biopsy Technique

Complications of Kidney Biopsy

Section III. Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

8. Disorders of Extracellular Volume

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Homeostasis

Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction

Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion

9. Disorders of Water Metabolism

Physiology Of Water Balance

Vasopressin

Quantitation Of Renal Water Excretion

Serum Sodium Concentration, Osmolality, And Tonicity

Estimation Of Total Body Water

Hyponatremic Disorders

Hypernatremic Disorders

10. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

Introduction

Normal Physiology of Potassium Metabolism

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

11. Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism

Calcium Homeostasis And Disorders Of Calcium Metabolism

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Phosphate Homeostasis

Hyperphosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia

Magnesium Homeostasis And Disorders Of Magnesium Metabolism

Hypomagnesemia And Magnesium Deficiency

12. Normal Acid-Base Balance

Definition

Net Acid Production

Buffer Systems in Regulation of pH

Respiratory System In Regulation Of pH

Kidney Regulation of pH

Kidney Transport Mechanisms of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions

Regulation of Kidney Acidification

13. Metabolic Acidosis

Definition

Non–Anion Gap (Normal Anion Gap) Metabolic Acidosis

Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Alkali Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis

14. Metabolic Alkalosis

Respiratory Compensation

Serum Chloride Concentration and Metabolic Alkalosis

Pathogenesis: Generation and Maintenance of Metabolic Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkaloses: Etiologic Classification Based on ECF Volume Status

Other Metabolic Alkaloses

Diagnostic Approach to Metabolic Alkalosis

Treatment

15. Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, and Mixed Acid-Base Disorders

Respiratory Acidosis

Pathophysiology of Respiratory Acidosis

Response to Respiratory Acidosis

Bicarbonate Buffering System

KIDNEY Response to Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

Pathophysiology

Response to Respiratory Alkalosis

Mixed Acid-Base Disorders

Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Acidosis

Mixed Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic Alkalosis

Triple Acid-Base Disorders

Section IV. Glomerular Disease

16. Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Clinical Presentations

Definition

Clinical Evaluation of Glomerular Disease

Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities

Macrohematuria

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephritic Syndrome

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease

Treatment of Glomerular Disease

17. Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Histologic Classification and Pathogenesis

Histologic Classification

Histopathology

General Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury

Pathogenesis of Specific Glomerular Syndromes

18. Minimal Change Disease

Introduction

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Tests

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Natural History of Minimal Change Disease

Treatment

Minimal Change Disease with Nonnephrotic Proteinuria

19. Primary and Secondary (Nongenetic) Causes of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Introduction

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Classification of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Natural History and Prognosis

Treatment

Kidney Transplantation

20. Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Recurrence

Future Directions

21. Membranous Nephropathy

Definition

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Epidemiology and Genetics

Clinical and Serologic Manifestations

Pathology

Natural History and Prognosis

Treatment

Future Directions

22. Immunoglobulin-Mediated Glomerulonephritis With a Membranoproliferative Pattern of Injury and Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis

Immunoglobulin-Mediated Glomerulonephritis with a Membranoproliferative Pattern of Injury

Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis

23. Glomerulonephritis Associated With Complement Disorders

C3 Glomerulopathy

24. Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)

IgA Nephropathy

IgA Vasculitis

25. Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease and Goodpasture Disease

Etiology And Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Treatment

Transplantation

Alport Syndrome Posttransplant Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

26. Renal and Systemic Vasculitis

Definition

Small-Vessel Pauci-Immune Vasculitis

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Kawasaki Disease

Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis

Covid and Management of Vasculitis

27. Lupus Nephritis

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Lupus Nephritis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Kidney Biopsy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Pathology

Treatment

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, and Pregnancy in Lupus Nephritis

End-Stage Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy

28. Monoclonal Immunoglobulin–Related Glomerular Diseases and Renal Amyloidosis

Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal/Clinical Significance

Glomerulopathies With Organized Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits

Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy (GOMMID)

Glomerulopathies With Nonorganized Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits

Renal Amyloidosis

29. Rare Glomerular Disorders

Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Without Immunoglobulin A Deposits

Glomerulonephritis with Rheumatic, Collagen-Vascular, or Connective Tissue Disease

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

Other Uncommon Glomerular Disorders

30. Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Including Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Definitions

Laboratory Findings

Pathology

Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management of Specific Forms of Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Secondary Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Section V. Diabetic Kidney Disease

31. Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Introduction

Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations and Natural History

Kidney Pathology

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

32. Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Introduction

Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes

RAAS Blockade

Treatment of Dyslipidemia

Nonpharmacologic Interventions

Emerging Treatments For Diabetic Kidney Disease

Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Selective Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Inhibitor

33. Management of Patients With Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease

Diagnostic Considerations

General Management Considerations

Monitoring Diabetic Kidney Disease

Management Of Glycemia

Management Of Hypertension

Additional Approaches to Slowing CKD Progression In Diabetes

Microvascular Complications Of Diabetes

Complications Of Chronic Kidney Disease

End-Stage Kidney Disease

Section VI. Hypertension

34. Normal Blood Pressure Control and the Evaluation of Hypertension

Normal Blood Pressure Control

Definition and Classification of Hypertension

Evaluation of Hypertension

35. Primary Hypertension

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Diagnosis

Natural History

36. Nonpharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

Prevention

Weight Loss

Physical Activity and Exercise Training

Diet

Smoking

Alcohol

Caffeine

Psychological Stress

Adopting Lifestyle Modifications

37. Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension

Defining Who Should Receive Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension

Blood Pressure Treatment Goals

Guide to Selection of Antihypertensive Agents

38. Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Diagnostic Evaluation

Treatment

39. Endocrine Causes of Hypertension: Aldosterone

Introduction

Etiology And Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Evaluation And Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Treatment

40. Other Endocrine Causes of Hypertension

Cushing Syndrome

Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma

Adrenal Incidentaloma

Renin-Secreting Tumor

Acromegaly

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

41. Neurogenic Hypertension, Including Hypertension Associated With Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury

Physiology And Pathophysiology

Neurogenic Hypertension

Specific Syndromes

Summary

42. Blood Pressure Management in the Dialysis Patient

Diagnosis

Epidemiology

Therapeutic Targets

Volume Management Strategies

Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension (Based on Interdialytic Measurements)

Section VII. Renovascular Disease

43. Renovascular Hypertension, Atherosclerotic Renal Vascular Disease, and Thromboembolic Kidney Disease

Normal Renovascular Anatomy

Clinical Syndromes Associated with Renal Vascular Disease

Renovascular Hypertension

Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease or Ischemic Renal Disease

Renovascular Disease and Heart Failure and Unstable Cardiac Conditions

Imaging Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Stenosis

Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease

Kidney Infarction

Atheroembolic Kidney Disease

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Section VIII. Pregnancy and Renal Disease

44. Kidney Physiology and Complications in Normal Pregnancy

Kidney Physiology in Normal Pregnancy

Anatomy

Hemodynamic Changes

Kidney Disease in Pregnancy

Urinalysis and Microscopy

Urinary Tract Infection

Kidney Stones

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Preeclampsia

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy

Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Acute Kidney Injury

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

45. Pregnancy With Preexisting Kidney Disease

Adverse Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease on Pregnancy Outcomes

Management Common to All Pregnancies With Preexisting Kidney Disease

Kidney Biopsy in Pregnancy

Superimposed Preeclampsia

Assessment of Fetal Well-Being

Timing of Delivery

Course of Chronic Kidney Disease During and After Pregnancy

Management of Common Kidney Disorders During Pregnancy

Hemodialysis in Pregnancy

Kidney Transplantation and Pregnancy

Pregnancy in The Kidney Donor

Summary

Section IX. Hereditary and Congenital Diseases of the Kidney

46. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Definition

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Phenotypic Variability

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Treatment

Novel Therapies

Transplantation

47. Other Cystic Kidney Diseases

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Nephronophthisis: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease

Medullary Sponge Kidney

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Simple Cysts

Solitary Multilocular Cysts

Kidney Lymphangiomatosis

Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease

Acquired Cystic Disease

48. Alport Syndrome and Other Familial Glomerular Syndromes

Alport Syndrome

Hereditary Angiopathy With Nephropathy, Aneurysms, and Cramps (Hanac Syndrome)

Fabry Disease (Anderson-Fabry Disease)

Nail-Patella Syndrome

49. Inherited Disorders of Sodium and Water Handling

Introduction

Physiology Of Sodium And Water Reabsorption

Disorders Of Sodium Handling

Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, And Low-NORMAL BP

Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, And Hypertension

Conditions With Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, And Normal Blood Pressure

Conditions With Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, And Hypertension

50. Fanconi Syndrome and Other Proximal Tubule Disorders

Fanconi Syndrome

Inherited Causes Of Fanconi Syndrome

Acquired Causes of Fanconi Syndrome

Familial Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption and Hereditary Renal Glycosuria

Aminoacidurias

Hereditary Defects In Uric Acid Handling

51. Sickle Cell Diseases and the Kidney

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Nephropathy

Clinical Manifestations Of Sickle Cell Nephropathy

Urinary Tract Infections

Clinical Syndromes Of Kidney Impairment

Investigation and Management Of Sickle Cell Nephropathy

Kidney Replacement Therapy

Sickle Cell Trait and Chronic Kidney Disease

52. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Clinical Principles

Development of The Kidneys and Urinary Tract

Pathogenesis

Kidney Parenchymal Malformations

Collecting System Abnormalities

Bladder and Outflow Disorders

General Management of Congenital Kidney and Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Complications

End-Stage Kidney Disease and Transplantation

Section X. Infectious Diseases and the Kidney

53. Urinary Tract Infections in Adults

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Etiologic Agents

Clinical Syndromes

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

54. Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract

Definition

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Diagnosis

Management of Urogenital Tuberculosis

55. Fungal Infections of the Urinary Tract

Candida

Other Yeasts

Aspergillus and Other Molds

Endemic Fungi

56. The Kidney in Schistosomiasis

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Coinfection

Schistosoma mansoni Glomerulonephritis

Treatment

57. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Infection

Bacterial Infections

Viral Infections

Parasitic Infections

58. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Kidney

Introduction

Epidemiology of HIV Chronic Kidney Disease

HIV-Associated Nephropathy

Other Glomerular Disorders

Other Glomerular Disorders

Systemic Inflammation and Arterionephrosclerosis

Tubular Disorders

Nephrotoxicity and Dosing of ART and Associated Drugs

Antiretroviral Therapy Dosing in Chronic Kidney Disease

End-Stage Kidney Disease

Evaluation For Kidney Disease

59. Kidney Diseases Associated With Coronaviruses

Introduction

SARS-CoV-2 and Viral Pathogenesis

Does SARS-CoV-2 Infect the kidney?

COVID-19 Acute Kidney Injury

COVID-19–Associated Glomerular Diseases

COVID-19 in Patients With Kidney Failure Requiring Chronic Dialysis

COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19

Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Therapies and Vaccines in Patients With Kidney Disease

Conclusions

Section XI. Urologic Disorders

60. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis

Nephrolithiasis

Specific Types of Stones

Nephrocalcinosis

61. Urinary Tract Obstruction

Definitions

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Histopathologic Changes

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Treatment

62. Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy

Introduction

Classification

Epidemiology

Embryology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Natural History of Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy

Treatment

63. Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist

Advances in Management of Kidney Stones

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Specific Types of Obstruction

Investigation of Hematuria

Investigation and Management of a Kidney Mass

Section XII. Tubulointerstitial and Vascular Diseases

64. Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Definition

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Acute Interstitial Nephritis Secondary to Infectious Diseases

Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Systemic Diseases

Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Malignancy

Idiopathic Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Acute Interstitial Nephritis In Kidney Transplants

65. Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

Definition

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Drug-Induced Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Metabolic Disorders

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Hereditary Diseases of the Kidney

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Heavy Metal Exposure

Radiation Nephritis

Interstitial Nephritis Mediated By Immunologic Mechanisms

Obstructive Uropathy

Vascular Diseases

Infection-Associated Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

66. Endemic Nephropathies

Mesoamerican Nephropathy

Sri Lankan Nephropathy

Other Endemic Nephropathies

Potential Role of Climate Change and Global Warming

Section XIII. Renal Disease and Cancer

67. Oncology: Kidney Disease in Cancer Patients

Cancer And Kidney Disease

Acute Kidney Injury

Chronic Kidney Disease

Mortality in Cancer Patients With Kidney Disease

Important Malignancies Associated With Kidney Disease

Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease

Metabolic Complications

Cancer-Related Glomerulonephritis

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Cancer Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease

68. Myeloma and the Kidney

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Myeloma

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease in Myeloma

Epidemiology

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Treatment

Dialysis and Transplantation

69. Kidney Disease in Liver, Cardiac, Lung, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Generic Kidney Issues in Nonrenal Solid Organ Transplantation

Kidney Disease in Liver Transplantation

Kidney Disease in Cardiac Transplantation

Kidney Disease in Lung Transplantation

Kidney Disease in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Section XIV. Acute Kidney Injury

70. Pathophysiology and Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury

Definition

Etiology

Pathophysiology and Etiology of Prerenal AKI

Pathophysiology of ATI

Acute Cortical Necrosis

Pathophysiology and Etiology of Postrenal AKI

Nephrotoxic Agents and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Other Specific Etiologies of AKI

Specific Clinical Situations

71. Acute Kidney Injury in the Tropics

Snakebite

Arthropods

Natural Medicine

Malaria

Leptospirosis

Hemorrhagic Fevers

72. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury

Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury

Diagnostic Approach To Acute Kidney Injury

Clinical Assessment

Diagnostic Evaluation

Acute Kidney Injury In Specific Settings

73. Epidemiology and Prognostic Impact of Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Kidney Disease

Incidence Of Acute Kidney Injury

Risk Factors For AKI

Association Between AKI and Adverse Outcomes

AKI As A Public Health Issue

74. Prevention and Nondialytic Management of Acute Kidney Injury

Risk Assessment

Primary Preventive Measures

Treatment Of Acute Kidney Injury

Treatment Of Acute Kidney Injury Complications

75. Extracorporeal Therapies for Acute Kidney Injury and Heart Failure

Essentials Of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy

Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy Modalities

Operational Aspects Of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy

Extracorporeal Kidney Therapy In Heart Failure And Mechanical Circulatory And Ventilatory Support

76. Hepatorenal Syndrome

Definition

Pseudohepatorenal Syndrome

Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Prevention and Treatment

Section XV. Drug Therapy in Kidney Disease

77. Principles of Drug Therapy, Dosing, and Prescribing in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy

Pharmacokinetic Principles

Prescribing Principles For Chronic Kidney Disease And Kidney Replacement Therapy

Methods Of Dose Reduction In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Extracorporeal Drug Losses

Polypharmacy and Deprescribing

78. Common Issues in Prescribing in Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy

Analgesics

Antimicrobial Agents

Antivirals

Immunosuppressants

Chemotherapy and Cytotoxic Agents

Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet Agents, Thrombolytics, And Hemostatics

Diuretics

Antihypertensives

Antianginal Agents

Antiarrhythmics

Lipid-Lowering Agents

Diabetes

Drugs For Thyroid Disorders

Mineral And Bone Disorders

Dyspepsia, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, And Peptic Ulcers

Antiemetics

Aperients And Laxatives

Antidiarrheals

Drugs For Erectile Dysfunction

Musculoskeletal Drugs

Antiepileptics

Antiparkinsonian Drugs

Antimigraine Drugs

Psychotropic Drugs

Anemia Drugs

Antihistamines

Vaccines

Vitamin Supplementation

79. Herbal and Over-the-Counter Medicines and the Kidney

Herbal Medications And The Kidney

Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy

Kidney Injury Caused By Other Medicinals

Acute Kidney Injury

Other kidney Complications Of Herbal Remedies

Over-The-Counter Medicines And The Kidney

Section XVI. Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremic Syndrome

80. Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis

Defining Chronic Kidney DiseasE

Global Burden of CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Risk Factors for CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Issues With Identifying CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Outcomes Of Chronic Kidney DiseasE

Dialysis Epidemiology

Epidemiologic Concepts

Evidence Quality

81. Pathophysiology of Disease Progression in Proteinuric and Nonproteinuric Kidney Disease

From Glomerular Hemodynamic Changes To Loss Of Charge- And Size-Selective Properties

Proximal Tubular Cell Injury

Interstitial Inflammation And Fibrosis

Primary Chronic Tubulointerstitial Injury

Conclusions

82. Slowing the Progression of Kidney Disease

Introduction

Techniques For Evaluating and Monitoring Key Indicators of Chronic Kidney Disease

Epidemiology and Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease

Risk Factors For Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

83. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

Definitions

Clinical Presentation

Predicting Prognosis

Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression

Management of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Care of the Patient With Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease

84. Pathogenesis and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease

Epidemiology

Etiology And Risk Factors

85. Practical Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease

Prevention And Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

Coronary Artery Disease In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Heart Failure In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Arrhythmias In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Valvular Disease

86. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology And Natural History

Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

87. Other Blood and Immune Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

Immune Dysfunction

Inflammation

Immune Cell Abnormalities

Platelet Dysfunction And Platelet Inhibitors In Chronic Kidney Disease

Recombinant Activated Factor VII

Estrogens

Implications For Antiplatelet Agent Therapy

Circulating Coagulation Factors

Therapeutic Intervention

88. Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Osteitis Fibrosa: Hyperparathyroidism—High-Turnover Renal Bone Disease

Low-Turnover (Adynamic) Bone Disease

Osteoporosis In Chronic Kidney Disease

ß2-Microglobulin–Derived Amyloid

89. Neurologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Uremic Encephalopathy

Peripheral Neuropathy

Autonomic Neuropathy

Cranial Neuropathies

Sleep Disorders

Restless Legs Syndrome (Ekbom Syndrome)

Neurologic Syndromes Associated With KIDNEY REPLACEMENT THERAPY

90. Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease

Lifestyle Advice: Nutrition

Estimation Of Intake

91. Dermatologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease

Uremic Pruritus

Immunomodulators And Immunosuppressive Agents

Bullous Dermatoses

Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy (Calciphylaxis)

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

92. Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease and Malignant Neoplasms

Definition

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Pathology

Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis

Natural History

Treatment

Cancer In Dialysis Patients

Section XVII. Geriatric and Palliative Nephrology

93. Geriatric Nephrology

Aging-Associated Changes In The Kidney

Aging-Associated Changes In Kidney Function

Assessment Of Glomerular Filtration Rate In The Elderly

Prevalence Of Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly

Risk Factors For Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly

Pathogenesis Of Age-Related Chronic Kidney Disease

Fluid And Electrolytes In Aging

Endocrine Function And Kidney Hormones

Clinical Manifestations

94. Palliative Nephrology

Prognosis

Communication And Shared Decision Making

Conservative Care

Dialysis Withdrawal

Symptom Control And Management Of Last Days

Section XVIII. Dialytic Therapies

95. Approach to Kidney Replacement Therapy

Prediction Of Kidney Failure

Multidisciplinary Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

When Should Dialysis Be Started?

Choice Between Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Home Hemodialysis

Choice of Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis

Importance Of Dialysis Access

Decision Whether To Offer Kidney Replacement Therapy

Advising About Prognosis On Dialysis

Conservative Kidney Care

Individuals Who Do Not Want Dialysis

Disagreement About A Decision To Dialyze

Management Of Disruptive Individuals On Dialysis

Resuscitation And Withdrawal Of Dialysis

96. Vascular Access for Hemodialysis

ESKD Life-Plan

Evaluation Of The Patient For Vascular Access

Vascular Access Types

Nonautogenous Synthetic Vascular Access

Central Venous Catheter Access

Vascular Access Complications

97. Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology

Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters

Procedures On Arteriovenous Fistulas and Arteriovenous Grafts

98. Hemodialysis: Principles and Techniques

Dialyzer Designs And Membranes

Safety Monitors

Dialysate Fluid

Biocompatibility

Hemofiltration, Hemodiafiltration, And Internal Filtration And Backfiltration

Uremic Toxins And Their Removal By Hemodialysis

Additional Devices And Technologies

Home Hemodialysis

Dialysis Machine Choice And Other Equipment

Water Preparation, Standards, And Plumbing

Safety

Wearable Artificial Kidney

“Green” Hemodialysis

99. Hemodialysis: Dialysis Prescription and Adequacy

Assessment Of Dialysis Dose

Middle Molecule Removal

Prescription Of Hemodialysis

Dialysis Adequacy and Goal-Directed Dialysis

100. Acute Complications During Hemodialysis

Cardiovascular Complications

Neuromuscular Complications

Hematologic Complications

Pulmonary Complications

Technical Malfunctions

Dialysis Reactions

Miscellaneous Complications

101. Peritoneal Dialysis: Principles, Techniques, and Adequacy

Introduction

Advantages and Limitations of Peritoneal Dialysis

Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis

Types of Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid

Peritoneal Access

Peritoneal Dialysis Techniques

Peritoneal Solute Transport and Ultrafiltration

Assessing Peritoneal Membrane Function

Dose and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis

Principles and Practice of Incremental Dialysis

102. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis

Catheter Malfunction

Fluid Leaks

Pain Related To Peritoneal Dialysis

Infectious Complications

Membrane Dysfunction And Insufficient Ultrafiltration

Changes In Peritoneal Structure And Function

Nutritional And Metabolic Complications

103. Extracorporeal Therapies