Hydrology and Hydraulic Systems 4th Edition by Ram S. Gupta, ISBN-13: 978-1478630913

Description

Hydrology and Hydraulic Systems 4th Edition by Ram S. Gupta, ISBN-13: 978-1478630913

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Waveland Press, Inc.; 4th edition (September 7, 2016)
• Language: ‎ English
• 888 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1478630914
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1478630913

For more than 25 years, the multiple editions of Hydrology & Hydraulic Systems have set the standard for a comprehensive, authoritative treatment of the quantitative elements of water resources development. The latest edition extends this tradition of excellence in a thoroughly revised volume that reflects the current state of practice in the field of hydrology.

Widely praised for its direct and concise presentation, practical orientation, and wealth of example problems, Hydrology & Hydraulic Systems presents fundamental theories and concepts balanced with excellent coverage of engineering applications and design. The Fourth Edition features a major revision of the chapter on distribution systems, as well as a new chapter on the application of remote sensing and computer modeling to hydrology.

Outstanding features of the Fourth Edition include:

More than 350 illustrations and 200 tables

More than 225 fully solved examples, both in FPS and SI units

Fully worked-out examples of design projects with realistic data

More than 500 end-of-chapter problems for assignment

Discussion of statistical procedures for groundwater monitoring in accordance with the EPA’s Unified Guidance

Detailed treatment of hydrologic field investigations and analytical procedures for data assessment, including the USGS acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) approach

Thorough coverage of theory and design of loose-boundary channels, including the latest concept of combining the regime theory and the power function laws

Table of Contents:

Title Page

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Demand for Water

1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

1.2 ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND

1.3 DEMAND FOR WATER SUPPLY

1.4 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS

1.5 POPULATION FORECASTING

1.6 SHORT-TERM ESTIMATES

1.6.1 Graphical Extension Method

1.6.2 Arithmetic Growth Method

1.6.3 Geometric Growth Method

1.6.4 Declining Growth Rate Method

1.7 LONG-TERM FORECASTING

1.7.1 Graphic Comparison Method

1.7.2 Mathematical Logistic Curve Method

1.7.3 Ratio and Correlation Methods

1.7.4 Component Methods

1.8 PER CAPITA WATER USAGE

1.8.1 Average Daily per Capita Usage for Water Supply

1.8.2 Variations in Usage

1.9 FIRE DEMANDS

1.9.1 Types of Construction

1.9.2 Floor Area

1.9.3 Fire Flow Requirements and Duration

1.10 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS

1.11 WASTE DILUTION REQUIREMENTS

1.12 DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER

1.13 CONSUMPTIVE USE OF CROPS

1.13.1 Direct Application of Evapotranspiration Profiles

1.13.2 Modified Blaney-Criddle Method

1.13.3 Penman-Monteith Method

1.14 EFFECTIVE RAINFALL

1.15 FARM LOSSES

1.16 CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND WASTE

1.17 COMPUTATION OF IRRIGATION DEMANDS

1.18 DEMAND FOR HYDROPOWER

1.18.1 Power and Energy Production from Available Streamflows

1.19 DEMAND FOR NAVIGATION

PROBLEMS

Chapter 2: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Precipitation

2.1 AVAILABILITY OF WATER

2.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

2.3 WATER BALANCE EQUATION

2.3.1 Balance Equation for Water Bodies for Short Duration

2.3.2 Balance Equation for Large River Basins for Long Duration

2.3.3 Balance Equation for Direct Runoff within a Basin during a Storm

2.3.4 Water Balance Equation for Direct Runoff within a Basin for Longer than Storm Duration

2.4 DISCREPANCY TERM IN THE WATER BALANCE EQUATION

2.5 PRECIPITATION

2.6 ANALYSIS OF POINT PRECIPITATION DATA

2.6.1 Estimating Missing Data

2.6.2 Checking Consistency of Data: Double-Mass Analysis

2.7 CONVERSION OF POINT PRECIPITATION TO AREAL PRECIPITATION

2.7.1 Arithmetic Average Method

2.7.2 Thiessen Polygon Method

2.7.3 Isohyetal Method

2.8 INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (IDF) ANALYSIS OF POINT PRECIPITATION

2.9 DEPTH-AREA-DURATION (DAD) ANALYSIS OF A STORM

PROBLEMS

Chapter 3: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Evaporation and Transpiration

3.1 WATER LOSS TO THE ATMOSPHERE

3.2 EVAPORATION FROM FREE-WATER BODIES

3.3 EVAPORATION USING PANS

3.4 EVAPORATION BY THE AERODYNAMIC METHOD

3.5 EVAPORATION BY THE ENERGY BALANCE METHOD

3.6 COMBINATION METHOD OF PENMAN

3.7 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A DRAINAGE BASIN

3.8 EVAPOTRANSPIROMETERS

3.9 PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD

3.9.1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by the Penman-Monteith Method

3.9.2 Actual Evapotranspiration from Any Surface

3.10 BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD

PROBLEMS

Chapter 4: Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Runoff

4.1 DIRECT RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL OR RAIN EXCESS

4.2 INFILTRATION CAPACITY CURVE APPROACH

4.2.1 Horton Model

4.2.2 Holton Model

4.2.3 Approximate Infiltration Model of Green-Ampt

4.2.4 Determination of Parameters in the Green-Ampt Model

4.3 HEC’S NONLINEAR LOSS-RATE FUNCTION APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF

4.4 THE NRCS APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF

4.5 INFILTRATION-INDEX APPROACH FOR DIRECT RUNOFF

4.6 DIRECT RUNOFF FROM SNOWMELT

4.6.1 Snowmelt Process

4.6.2 Temperature Index or Degree-Day Method

4.6.3 Generalized Equation of the Corps of Engineers

PROBLEMS

Chapter 5: Theory of Groundwater Flow

5.1 SCOPE

5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE WATER

5.3 WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS

5.4 FLUID POTENTIAL AND HYDRAULIC HEAD

5.5 BASIC EQUATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW: DARCY’S LAW

5.5.1 Darcy Velocity and Seepage Velocity

5.6 PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT

5.6.1 Hydraulic Conductivity

5.6.2 Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity

5.6.3 Transmissivity

5.6.4 Leakance, Retardation Coefficient, and Leakage Factor (for Leaky Aquifer)

5.7 PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE

5.7.1 Specific Retention (of Water-Table Aquifer)

5.7.2 Specific Yield (of Water-Table Aquifer)

5.7.3 Specific Storage for Confined Aquifers

5.7.4 Storage Coefficient or Storativity

5.8 GENERALIZATION OF DARCY’S LAW

5.8.1 Velocity Potential

5.9 VALIDITY OF DARCY’S LAW

5.10 STEADY-STATE FLOW AND UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW

5.11 GENERAL EQUATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

5.11.1 Equation for Confined Aquifers

5.11.2 Equation for Unconfined Aquifers

5.12 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GROUNDWATER FLOW EQUATION

5.13 UNSATURATED FLOW AND TWO-PHASE FLOW

PROBLEMS

Chapter 6: Applications and Development of Groundwater Flow

6.1 STEADY-STATE FLOW EQUATIONS

6.1.1 Groundwater Flow between Two Water Bodies

6.1.2 Steady-State Confined Flow to a Well

6.1.3 Steady-State Unconfined Flow to a Well

6.1.4 Groundwater Travel Time

6.2 UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW EQUATIONS

6.2.1 Unsteady Flow to a Well: Theis Equation

6.2.2 Aquifer-Test Analysis

6.3 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF CONFINED AQUIFERS

6.3.1 Theis or Type-Curve Method

6.4 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF CONFINED AQUIFERS: COOPER-JACOB METHOD

6.4.1 Drawdown-Time Analysis

6.4.2 Drawdown-Distance Analysis

6.4.3 Measurements in Many Wells at Various Times for Either Drawdown-Time or Drawdown-Distance Anal

6.5 UNSTEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

6.6 SEMICONFINED AQUIFERS: THE THEORY OF LEAKY AQUIFERS

6.6.1 Steady-State Flow in Leaky Aquifers

6.6.2 Unsteady-State Flow in Leaky Aquifers

6.7 WELLS NEAR BOUNDARIES: THE THEORY OF IMAGES

6.7.1 Well Near a Stream

6.7.2 Well Near an Impermeable Boundary

6.8 PRODUCTION WELL ANALYSIS

6.8.1 Well Losses

6.8.2 Step-Drawdown Test: Bierschenk Solution

6.8.3 Well Efficiency

6.8.4 Specific Capacity

6.9 WELL FIELD DESIGN

PROBLEMS

Chapter 7: Contaminant Transport and Groundwater Monitoring

7.1 TRANSPORT PROCESSES

7.1.1 Advective Transport

7.1.2 Diffusive Transport: Fick’s First Law of Diffusion

7.1.3 Dispersive Transport

7.2 MASS TRANSPORT EQUATIONS

7.2.1 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion

7.2.2 The Advection-Diffusion Equation

7.2.3 The Advection-Diffusion-Dispersion Equation

7.2.4 Mass Transport with Reaction

7.3 SOLUTIONS OF THE MASS TRANSPORT EQUATION

7.3.1 Instantaneous Release from a Plane Source in an Infinite System

7.3.2 Instantaneous Release from a Plane Source in a Semi-Infinite System

7.3.3 Continuous Release from a Plane Source in an Infinite System

7.3.4 Continuous Release from a Plane Source in a Semi-Infinite System

7.4 FATE OF CONTAMINANTS

7.5 AQUEOUS PHASE OR SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS

7.5.1 Uncertainties of Dispersion Coefficients for Porous Media

7.6 IMMISCIBLE OR NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS (NAPL)

7.6.1 Two-Phase Flow through a Porous Medium

7.6.2 Transport of NAPL

7.7 SALINE WATER INTRUSION

7.7.1 Freshwater and Saltwater Interface

7.7.2 Upconing of Saline Water

7.8 ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING DATA

7.8.1 Statistical Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring Data

7.8.2 Statistical Measures of Sample Data

7.9 CHECKING DATA FITNESS FOR STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

7.10 TESTS FOR LOGNORMALITY/NORMALITY

7.10.1 Probability Plot and the Shapiro-Wilk Test

7.10.2 Coefficient of Variation and Coefficient of Skewness

7.11 TESTING FOR STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE

7.12 CHECKING FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES ACROSS WELL GROUPS

7.13 STATISTICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROUNDWATER MONITORING

7.14 STRATEGIES FOR PROCEDURE SELECTION

7.15 TOLERANCE INTERVAL TECHNIQUE

7.15.1 Computing Tolerance Intervals

7.16 PREDICTION INTERVAL TECHNIQUE

7.16.1 Computing Prediction Intervals

7.17 CONTROL CHARTS

7.17.1 The Combined Shewart-Cusum Control Chart Procedure

7.18 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL TECHNIQUE

7.18.1 Confidence Interval Containing Mean of Compliance Data

7.18.2 Confidence Interval Containing 95th Percentile of Compliance Data

7.19 NON-PARAMETRIC INTERVALS

PROBLEMS

Chapter 8: Measurement of Surface Water Flow

8.1 DETERMINATION OF STREAMFLOW

8.2 STREAM GAGING

8.3 STAGE MEASUREMENT

8.3.1 Stilling Well with Float Sensor

8.3.2 Pressure System with Bubble-Gage Sensor

8.3.3 Radar Stage Measurement

8.4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

8.4.1 Methods of Discharge Measurement

8.5 MEASUREMENT BY CURRENT METER

8.5.1 Procedures of Current Meter Measurement

8.6 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN A STREAM SECTION

8.7 MEAN VERTICAL VELOCITY

8.8 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY BY CURRENT METER

8.9 MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH (SOUNDING) FOR CURRENT METER METHOD

8.9.1 Wading Rod

8.9.2 Weight with a Hand Line

8.9.3 Weight with a Sounding Reel Line

8.9.4 Sonic Sounder

8.10 AIR CORRECTION FOR DEPTH FOR SOUNDING REEL LINE

8.11 WET-LINE CORRECTION FOR DEPTH FOR SOUNDING REEL LINE

8.12 COMPUTATION OF DISCHARGE FOR CURRENT METER METHOD

8.12.1 Midsection Method

8.12.2 Mean-Section Method

8.12.3 Velocity-Depth Integration Method

8.12.4 Velocity-Contour Method

8.13 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY HYDROACOUSTIC SYSTEM

8.13.1 Procedure for ADCP Measurements

8.14 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE ADCP

8.15 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY ULTRASONIC (ACOUSTIC) VELOCITY METER (UVM)

8.16 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY THE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

8.17 MEASUREMENTS THROUGH HYDRAULIC DEVICES

8.18 DISCHARGE RATING

8.18.1 Controls for Stage-Discharge

8.19 SIMPLE STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION

8.19.1 Logarithmic Rating Curve

8.20 DETERMINING THE STAGE OF ZERO FLOW

8.20.1 Trial-and-Error Procedure

8.20.2 Arithmetic Procedure

8.21 EQUATION OF STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVE

8.21.1 Graphic Procedure to Determine Rating Equation

8.21.2 Linear Regression Analysis to Determine Rating Equation

8.22 SLOPE-STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION

8.23 VELOCITY INDEX-STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATION

8.24 STAGE VERSUS CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA RELATION

8.24.1 Channel-Bank Survey

8.24.2 Bathymetry Survey

8.24.3 Synthesis of Channel-Bank and Bathymetry Surveys

8.24.5 Stage and Cross-Sectional Area Relation

8.25 INDEX-VELOCITY VERSUS MEAN VELOCITY

8.25.1 Collection of Discharge Measurements

8.25.2 Synthesis of Data to Compute Mean Velocity

8.25.3 Relation Between Mean Velocity and Index Velocity

8.26 DISCHARGE FROM STAGE AND INDEX-VELOCITY DATA

8.27 CONVERTING STAGE RECORDS INTO DISCHARGE

8.28 DISSEMINATION OF STREAMFLOW INFORMATION

PROBLEMS

Chapter 9: Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Hydrograph Analysis

9.1 RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW

9.2 MECHANISM OF RUNOFF GENERATION

9.3 TECHNIQUES OF STREAMFLOW ESTIMATION

9.3.1 Hydrograph Analysis

9.3.2 Correlation with Meteorological Data

9.3.3 Correlation with Hydrological Data at another Site

9.3.4 Sequential Data Generation

9.3.5 Ungaged Sites

9.4 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN STREAMFLOW ESTIMATION

9.5 HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW

9.6 DIRECT RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH AND BASEFLOW HYDROGRAPH

9.7 HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION

9.7.1 Separation by Recession Curve Approach

9.7.2 Separation by Arbitrary Approach

9.8 UNIT HYDROGRAPH AND INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH

9.8.1 Time Parameters

9.8.2 Unit Hydrograph

9.8.3 Distribution Graph

9.8.4 Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph

9.9 DERIVATION OF UNIT HYDROGRAPH

9.9.1 Derivation by the Inverse Procedure

9.9.2 Derivation by the IUH Technique

9.10 CHANGING THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH DURATION

9.10.1 Lagging Method

9.10.2 S-Curve Method

9.11 FORMULATION OF SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH

9.11.1 Snyder’s Method

9.11.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Method

9.12 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW FROM UNIT HYDROGRAPH

PROBLEMS

Chapter 10: Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Streamflow Relationships

10.1 CORRELATION TECHNIQUES

10.2 STATIONARY AND HOMOGENEOUS CHECK OF DATA

10.3 PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF CORRELATION FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW

10.3.1 Rank Analysis for Antecedent Precipitation Index (API)

10.3.2 Correlation of Antecedent Precipitation Index and Runoff by Regression Analysis

10.4 CORRELATION OF GAGING-STATION RECORDS FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW

10.4.1 Simple Correlation

10.5 CORRELATION OF DURATION CURVES FOR ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW

10.6 SYNTHETIC TECHNIQUES

10.7 HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES AND STOCHASTIC PROCESS

10.8 MARKOV PROCESS OR AUTOREGRESSIVE (AR) MODEL

10.8.1 Statistical Parameters of Historical Data

10.8.2 Identifying the Distribution of Streamflow Data

10.8.3 Generating Random Numbers

10.8.4 Deterministic and Random Components

10.8.5 Formulating the Markov Model

10.9 AUTOREGRESSIVE-MOVING AVERAGE (ARMA) MODEL

10.10 DISAGGREGATION MODEL

10.11 AUTORUN MODEL

10.12 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW AT UNGAGED SITES

10.13 ESTIMATION BASED ON DRAINAGE AREA RATIO

10.14 ESTIMATION BASED ON REGRESSION EQUATIONS

10.15 THE HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY OF STREAM CHANNELS

10.16 VARIABILITY OF STREAMFLOW

10.16.1 Flow-Mass Curve

10.16.2 Flow-Duration Curve

PROBLEMS

Chapter 11: Computation of Extreme Flows

11.1 COMPUTATION METHODS

11.2 THE CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY IN HYDROLOGY

11.3 DESIGN FLOOD FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

11.3.1 Risk Basis for Design Flood

11.3.2 Economic Basis for Design Flood

11.3.3 Standard Practice for Design Exceedance Probabilities

11.4 STATISTICAL METHODS

11.5 TYPE AND QUALITY OF DATA

11.5.1 Stationariness of Data

11.5.2 Homogeneity of Data

11.5.3 Consistency of Data

11.5.4 Adequacy of Data

11.6 METHODS OF FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

11.6.1 Probability Graph Paper

11.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD

11.8 EMPIRICAL METHOD

11.9 ANALYTICAL METHOD

11.9.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

11.9.2 Lognormal Distribution

11.9.3 Extreme Value Distribution

11.9.4 Log-Pearson Type III (Gamma-Type) Distribution

11.9.5 Probability Distribution of Extreme Flow Data

11.10 APPROACH TO ANALYTICAL METHOD

11.10.1 Use of Frequency Factors

11.11 GENERALIZED SKEW COEFFICIENT

11.12 CONFIDENCE LIMITS AND PROBABILITY ADJUSTMENTS

11.13 SPECIAL CASES OF FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

11.13.1 Combined-Population (Composite) Frequency Analysis

11.13.2 Frequency Analysis of Partial-Duration Series

11.13.3 Frequency Analysis of Flood Volume

11.13.4 Regional Frequency Analysis

11.14 COMPUTATION OF PEAK FLOW FROM PRECIPITATION

11.15 ESTIMATION OF PMP

11.16 DEVELOPMENT OF PMS

11.16.1 Critical Duration

11.16.2 Temporal Distribution

11.16.3 Spatial Distribution

11.17 DESIGN STORM

11.17.1 Transformation of Design Storm to Flood Flow Hydrograph

11.18 PEAK SNOWMELT DISCHARGE

11.19 REGIONALIZED FLOOD RELATIONS FOR UNGAGED SITES

11.20 FLOOD FLOW COMPUTATION BY GENETIC AND EMPIRICALEQUATIONS

11.20.1 Myers-Jarvis Enveloping Curves

11.21 MEASUREMENT OF PEAK DISCHARGE BY INDIRECT METHODS

11.22 COMPUTATION OF LOW FLOW

11.23 LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS BY THE EMPIRICAL METHOD

11.24 LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS BY ANALYTICAL METHOD

PROBLEMS

Chapter 12: Hydrodynamic Principles, Kinematics and Flow Routing

12.1 HYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF FLOW

12.2 THE CONTINUITY EQUATION

12.3 THE ENERGY EQUATION

12.4 THE MOMENTUM EQUATION

12.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

12.6 KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY

12.6.1 Methods of Solving the Kinematic Equations

12.7 FORMULATION OF HYDROGRAPH BY THE KINEMATIC THEORY

12.7.1 Solution for Rising Hydrograph

12.7.2 Time of Concentration

12.7.3 Receding Hydrograph

12.7.4 Validity of the Kinematic Theory of Hydrographs

12.8 ROUTING PROCESS

12.9 HYDRAULIC ROUTING

12.10 STREAMFLOW ROUTING BY THE KINEMATIC THEORY

12.11 MUSKINGUM-CUNGE KINEMATIC ROUTING METHOD

12.12 VALIDITY OF THE KINEMATIC THEORY OF ROUTING

12.13 HYDROLOGIC ROUTING

12.14 STREAMFLOW ROUTING BY THE HYDROLOGIC METHOD: MUSKINGUM METHOD

12.14.1 Determination of Routing Constants

12.14.2 Application of the Muskingum Method

12.15 RESERVOIR ROUTING BY THE HYDROLOGIC METHOD: THE PULS METHOD

12.16 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS

PROBLEMS

Chapter 13: Hydraulic Structures

13.1 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

13.2 FLOW-MEASURING STRUCTURES

13.3 ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES

13.3.1 Flow through a Small Orifice

13.3.2 Flow through a Large Orifice

13.3.3 Mouthpieces

13.3.4 Time to Empty

13.4 WEIRS AND NOTCHES

13.4.1 Flow over Sharp-Crested Weirs

13.4.2 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Suppressed Weir

13.4.3 Coefficient of Discharge of Sharp-Crested Weirs

13.4.4 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir with End Contractions

13.4.5 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir with Velocity of Approach

13.4.6 Triangular (V-notch) Weir

13.4.7 Trapezoidal Weir

13.4.8 Flow over Sharp-Crested, Submerged Weirs

13.5 FLOW OVER BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS

13.5.1 Coefficient of Discharge of Broad-Crested Weirs

13.5.2 Broad-Crested, Submerged Weirs

13.6 FLUMES

13.7 PIPE-FLOW MEASURING DEVICES

13.7.1 Orifice Meter

13.7.2 Nozzle Meter

13.7.3 Venturi Meter

13.8 PEAK-FLOW MEASURING STRUCTURES

13.8.1 Slope-Area Method for a Stream Channel

13.8.2 Measurement at Width Contractions of a Bridge

13.8.3 Measurement at Dams

13.8.4 Measurement at Culverts

13.9 STORAGE STRUCTURES

13.10 RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITY

13.11 STORAGE CAPACITY OF WATER SUPPLY TANKS

13.12 RESERVOIR FEATURES

13.13 DAMS

13.13.1 Selection of Dam Type

13.14 FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES: SPILLWAYS

13.14.1 Types of Spillways

13.15 OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS

13.15.1 Crest Shape of Overflow Spillways

13.15.2 Discharge for Overflow Spillways

13.15.3 Discharge on Submerged Overflow Spillways

13.16 CHUTE OR TROUGH SPILLWAYS

13.16.1 Slope of Chute Channel

13.16.2 Chute Sidewalls

13.17 SIDE-CHANNEL SPILLWAYS

13.18 MORNING GLORY OR SHAFT SPILLWAYS

PROBLEMS

Chapter 14: Conveyance Systems: Open Channel Flow

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 ELEMENTS OF THE CHANNEL SECTION

14.3 TYPES OF FLOW

14.4 STATE OF FLOW

14.5 CRITICAL FLOW CONDITION

14.5.1 Concept of Specific Energy

14.5.2 Computation of Critical Flow

14.6 UNIFORM CHANNEL FLOW

14.6.1 Hydraulics of Uniform Flow

14.6.2 Computation of Uniform Flow

14.7 CHANNEL DESIGN

14.8 RIGID CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-FREE WATER

14.8.1 Bottom Longitudinal Slope

14.8.2 Channel Side Slopes

14.8.3 Freeboard

14.8.4 Hydraulic Efficient Sections

14.8.5 Design Procedure

14.9 RIGID CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-LADEN WATER

14.10 LOOSE-BOUNDARY CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-FREE WATER

14.10.1 Unit Tractive Force on Channel Boundary

14.10.2 Critical Tractive Force

14.10.3 The USBR Method

14.10.4 The Stability Parameter Method

14.11 LOOSE-BOUNDARY CHANNEL CARRYING SEDIMENT-LADEN WATER

14.11.1 Hypotheses of Stable Channel Design

14.11.2 The Regime Theory

14.11.3 Lacey’s Original Regime Theory

14.11.4 Hydraulic Basis of the Regime Theory

14.11.5 Combining the Regime Theory with the Power Function Theory

14.12 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

14.12.1 Dynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow

14.12.2 Types of Flow Profile Curves

14.12.3 Flow Profile Analysis

14.13 COMPUTATION OF FLOW PROFILE

14.13.1 Numerical Integration Method

14.13.2 Direct Step Method

14.14 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

14.15 HYDRAULIC JUMP

PROBLEMS

Chapter 15: Distribution Systems

15.1 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

15.2 PIPING SYSTEM

15.3 ENERGY EQUATION OF PIPE FLOW

15.4 PIPE FRICTION LOSSES: DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION

15.4.1 Friction Factor for Darcy-Weisbach Equation

15.4.2 Extension of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation to Laminar Flow: Hagen-Poiseuille Equation

15.5 APPLICATION OF THE DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION

15.5.1 Type I: To Determine Head Loss

15.5.2 Type II: To Determine Velocity or Flow Rate

15.5.3 Type III: To Determine Diameter

15.6 PIPE FRICTION LOSSES: HAZEN-WILLIAMS EQUATION

15.7 SUMMARY OF FRICTION LOSSES

15.8 MINOR HEAD LOSSES

15.9 SINGLE PIPELINES

15.10 SINGLE PIPELINES WITH PUMPS

15.11 PIPES IN SERIES

15.12 PIPES IN PARALLEL

15.13 BRANCHING PIPES

15.14 PIPES NETWORK

15.15 PIPE NETWORK DESIGN

15.15.1 System Configuration

15.15.2 Design Flow Estimation

15.15.3 Velocity and Pipe Sizes

15.15.4 Pressure Requirements

15.16 A NETWORK DESIGN PROJECT

15.17 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN PIPES

15.18 STORAGE TANKS

15.19 CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANKS

15.20 HYDRAULICS OF STORAGE TANKS

15.20.1 System without Storage

15.20.2 System with Storage Ahead of Demand Center

15.20.3 System with Storage Beyond Demand Center

15.21 PUMPS

15.22 PUMP CLASSIFICATION: SPECIFIC SPEED

15.23 RELATIONS FOR GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PUMPS

15.24 RELATIONS FOR ALTERATIONS IN THE SAME PUMP

15.25 HEAD TERMS IN PUMPING

15.26 SYSTEM HEAD CURVE

15.27 PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

15.28 SINGLE PUMP AND PIPELINE SYSTEM

15.29 MULTIPLE PUMP SYSTEM

15.30 PUMPS IN SERIES

15.31 PUMPS IN PARALLEL

15.32 LIMIT ON PUMP LOCATION

PROBLEMS

Chapter 16: Urban Drainage Systems

16.1 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

16.2 LAYOUT OF AN URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

16.3 DESIGN OF A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

16.4 QUANTITY OF WASTEWATER

16.5 FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR SANITARY SEWERS

16.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SANITARY SEWERS

16.7 A SANITARY SEWER PROJECT

16.8 DESIGN OF A STORM SEWER SYSTEM

16.9 QUANTITY OF STORMWATER

16.10 RATIONAL METHOD

16.10.1 Frequency Correction factor, Cf

16.10.2 Runoff Coefficient, C

16.10.3 Drainage Area, A

16.10.4 Rainfall Intensity, i

16.10.5 Time of Concentration, tc

16.11 APPLICATION OF THE RATIONAL METHOD

16.12 THE NRCS (SCS) TR-55 METHOD

16.13 A STORM SEWER DESIGN PROJECT

16.14 DETENTION BASIN STORAGE CAPACITY

16.14.1 TR-55-Based Procedure

16.14.2 Rational-Method-Based Procedure

PROBLEMS

Chapter 17: Other Drainage Systems

17.1 AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

17.2 SURFACE DRAINAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND

17.3 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND

17.3.1 Layout of Pipe (Tube) Drainage System

17.4 DEPTH AND SPACING OF DRAINS

17.4.1 Application of Bureau of Reclamation Method

17.4.2 Design Discharge for Determining Subsurface Drain Pipe Size

17.5 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

17.6 LONGITUDINAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

17.6.1 Design Flows for Longitudinal Drainage

17.7 CROSS-DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: CULVERTS

17.7.1 Design of Culverts

17.8 AIRPORT DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS

Chapter 18: Remote Sensing and Computer Modeling in Hydrology

18.1 REMOTE SENSING

18.2 PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING

18.3 COMPONENTS OF REMOTE SENSING

18.3.1 Remote-Sensing Platforms

18.3.2 Remote-Sensing Sensors

18.3.3 Image-Processing Systems

18.4 INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING WITH GIS

18.5 REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS

18.5.1 Rainfall

18.5.2 Snow

18.5.3 Evaporation

18.5.4 Soil Moisture

18.5.5 Surface Water

18.5.6 Surface Water Flows (Runoff)

18.5.7 Groundwater

18.6 REMOTE-SENSING APPLICATIONS TO HYDROLOGY

18.7 COMPUTER MODELS FOR HYDROLOGY

18.8 COMPUTER MODELS OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY

18.9 STATISTICAL MODELS

18.10 HYDRAULIC MODELS

18.11 RESERVOIR PLANNING AND ANALYSIS MODELS

18.12 COASTAL MODELS

18.13 FLOOD FLOW MODELS

18.13.1 Flood Frequency Models

18.13.2 Steady-State Flood Hydraulics Models

18.13.3 Unsteady-State Flood Hydraulics Models

18.13.4 Reservoir Regulation Models

18.14 DRAINAGE MODELS

18.15 COUPLING OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS AND GIS

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Appendix G

Appendix H

Appendix I

Appendix J

References

Answers to Selected Problems

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