Forensic and Legal Psychology: Psychological Science Applied to Law 4th Edition by Mark Costanzo, ISBN-13: 978-1319244880

Description

Forensic and Legal Psychology: Psychological Science Applied to Law 4th Edition by Mark Costanzo, ISBN-13: 978-1319244880

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Worth Publishers; Fourth edition (December 15, 2020)
• Language: ‎ English
• 560 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1319244882
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1319244880

Mark Costanzo and Daniel Krauss’s text show students how psychological science can be used to reduce crime, improve legal decision making, and promote justice. Fully integrated discussions of real cases and trials, along with other examples of the legal system in action, show how research and theory can deepen our understanding of suspects, criminals, police, victims, lawyers, witnesses, judges, and jurors.

Table of Contents:

About this Book

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

About the Authors

Brief Contents

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance

A Brief History of Psychology and Law

A Clash of Cultures

Goals: Approximate Truth Versus Approximate Justice

Methods: Rulings Versus Data

Style of Inquiry: Advocacy Versus Objectivity

The Importance of Bridging the Two Cultures

Roles Played by Psychologists Interested in Law

Psychologists as Advisors

Psychologists as Evaluators

Scientific American Spotlight 1.1: Does Tough Treatment of Troubled Teens Work? by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz

Psychologists as Reformers

Five Pathways for Influencing the Legal System

Expert Testimony

Scientific American Spotlight 1.2: Neuroscience in the Courtroom by Michael S. Gazzaniga

Cross-Disciplinary Education

Amicus Curiae Briefs

Broad Dissemination of Research Findings

Influencing Legislatures and Public Policy

Has Psychology Influenced the Legal System?

The Criminal Justice System: A Flow Chart

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 2 Lie Detection

The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception

Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?

The Polygraph

Development of the Polygraph

Focus on Careers: Police and Forensic Psychologist Gregory DeClue PhD, ABPP (forensic)

The Process of Polygraphing

Research on the Polygraph

The Polygraph as Coercion Device

Legal Status of the Polygraph

Hot Topic 2.1: Postconviction Polygraphing of Sex Offenders

How Jurors Respond to Polygraph Evidence

An Alternative Technique: The Guilty Knowledge Test

Consider This 2.1: Lower-Tech Lie Detection: Words and Wizards

From Physiological Arousal to Cognitive Load

Some Emerging Technologies for Lie Detection

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 3 Interrogations and Confessions

The Power of a Confession

The Evolution of Interrogation Techniques

Inside the Modern Interrogation Room

Consider This 3.1: Core Principles of Social Influence

The Problem of False Confessions

The Prevalence of False Confessions

Types of False Confessions

Hot Topic 3.1: Ethics, the American Psychological Association, and the Use of Torture as an Interrogation Device

Should Interrogators Be Allowed to Lie?

From Accusatorial Interrogations to Information Gathering: HUMINT, SUE, and PEACE

Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions

Video Recording of Interrogations

Requiring Probable Cause for Interrogation

Time Limits on Interrogations

The “Appropriate Adult” Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects

Instructions to the Jury

Expert Testimony

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 4 The Psychology of Forensic Identification: DNA, Fingerprints, and Other Types of Physical Trace Evidence

Trace Evidence in Context

Hot Topic 4.1: Modern Biometrics: Beyond Fingerprints and DNA

When Does a Trace “Match” a Source?

Basic Principles of Scientific Measurement: Reliability and Validity

The Scientific Foundation of Forensic Identification

DNA Evidence

Consider This 4.1: Forensic Genetic Genealogy: Using Familial DNA Matches to Identify Criminal Suspects

Fingerprint Evidence

Techniques of Weak or Unknown Validity

Legal Spotlight 4.1: “Changed Science” Laws

Communicating the Similarity of a Trace and a Source

Hot Topic 4.2: Is There Really a “CSI Effect”?

Reducing Error and Bias

Science as the Solution to the Problem of Identification Bias

How Jurors Think About Trace Evidence

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 5 Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies

The Process of Profiling

Three Famous Profiles

Jack the Ripper

The Olympic Bomber

The Mad Bomber

Characteristics of Serial Killers

Scientific American Spotlight 5.1: What “Psychopath” Means by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz

Research on Profiling

Scientific American Spotlight 5.2: Implicit Racial Bias and Police Shootings by Rachel Nuwer

Profiling Problems and Promise

Assumptions

Cross-Situational Consistency

The Utility of Inferences

Persistent Problems

Geographic Profiling: An Alternative to Intuition

Precise Profiles or Sloppy Stereotypes?

Hot Topic 5.1: Racial Profiling

Psychological Autopsies

Legal Status of Psychological Autopsies

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 6 Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System

The Manson Criteria

How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Error

Legal Spotlight 6.1: Post-Manson Court Decisions on Eyewitness Identification

The Construction, Reconstruction, and Evaluation of Eyewitness Memories

Cross-Racial Identifications

Stress and Weapons Focus

Unconscious Transference

Preexisting Expectations

Leading or Suggestive Comments

Witness Confidence

When the Eyewitness Is a Child

Hot Topic 6.1: Cameras and Computers as “Eyewitnesses”

Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy

Consider This 6.1: Translating Science Into Practice

1. Prelineup Interviews

2. Evidence-Based Grounds for Putting Suspects in Lineups

3. Double-Blind Lineups

4. Appropriate Lineup Fillers

5. Prelineup Instructions to Eyewitnesses

6. Obtaining an Immediate Postlineup Confidence Statement

7. Video Recording

8. Avoiding Repeated Identification Procedures With the Same Witness and Suspect

9. Avoiding the Use of Showups

Expert Testimony

Techniques for Refreshing the Memories of Witnesses

Hypnosis

The Cognitive Interview

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 7 Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and Assessing the Recovered Memories of Adults

The Reported Memories of Young Children

The Day Care Center Cases

Hot Topic 7.1: The Use of Child Interviewing Props: Dolls and Diagrams

Effective Interviewing of Children

Hot Topic 7.2: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

Testimony by Children at Trial

Adults’ Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse

Were the Memories Created or Recovered?

Focus on Careers: Social Science Analyst, Carrie Mulford, PhD, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice

The Ingram Case

Research on Implanting False Memories in Adults

Scientific American Spotlight 7.1: Recovered Memories: An Interview with Elizabeth Loftus by Andrea Krauss

Scientific American Spotlight 7.2: Traumatic Therapies Can Have Long-Lasting Effects on Mental Health by Kelly Lambert and Scott O. Lilienfeld

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 8 Competency to Stand Trial

The Meaning of Competency to Stand Trial

The Dusky Standard

Functional Elements of CST

CST Versus Competency to Plead Guilty and Competency to Waive an Attorney

How the Criminal Justice System Deals With Incompetent Defendants

Methods for Evaluating CST

CST Assessment Instruments

Malingering

CST Evaluations and Ultimate Issue Testimony by Experts

Legal Spotlight 8.1: Legal Issues in Competency for Execution

Restoration of CST

Treatment of Defendants Judged Incompetent

Right to Refuse Treatment and CST

Adolescents and CST

Consider This 8.1: Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court

Hot Topic 8.1: Juvenile Competency to Waive Miranda Rights

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 9 Plea Bargaining, Jury Selection, and Trial Procedure

The Hidden, Consequential World of Plea Bargaining

Plea Bargaining in Theory and Practice

Plea Bargaining and Vulnerable Defendants

Jury Selection

Assembling a Jury: Pools, Venires, and Voir Dire

From Jury Pool to Venire

Voir Dire

Cognizable Groups

Using Stereotypes and Science to Select Jurors

Legal Spotlight 9.1: Using Social Media to Select Jurors

The Use of Trial Consultants

Hot Topic 9.1: Jury Consulting and the Role of Money at Trial

Focus on Careers: Trial Consultant

Scientific Jury Selection

Juror Characteristics and Attitudes as Predictors of Verdict

General Personality Tendencies

Attitudes About the Legal System

Defendant–Juror Similarity

Pretrial Publicity as a Source of Bias

An Overview of Trial Procedure

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 10 The Insanity Defense

The Trial of Andrea Yates

The Evolution of Insanity Law

Three Important Cases and Their Consequences

The M’Naghten Case

The Durham Case

The Hinckley Case

Hot Topic 10.1: Brain Scans as Evidence

Common Misconceptions About the Insanity Defense

Post-Hinckley Developments in Insanity Law

Legal Spotlight 10.1: Is It Constitutional to Prohibit an Insanity Defense and Instead Allow a Mens Rea Defense?

Guilty but Mentally Ill

Mens Rea Defenses and Diminished Capacity

How Jurors Define Insanity

Clinical Evaluations of Insanity

Methods for Assessing Insanity

MSE and R-CRAS

Malingering

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 11 Intimate Partner Violence, Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Intimate Partner Violence

Syndromes in Court

Battered Woman Syndrome

The Historical Development of BWS

Characteristics of Battered Women

Characteristics of Batterers

BWS and the Legal System

The Scientific Validity of BWS

Rape Trauma Syndrome

The Historical Development of RTS

Recovery From Rape and Characteristics of RTS

RTS and the Legal System

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Scientific American Spotlight 11.1: Trapped in a Cycle of Sexual Abuse by Sushma Subramanian

PTSD Versus BWS

PTSD Versus RTS

Scientific American Spotlight 11.2: How to Find Meaning in Suffering by Kasley Killam

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 12 Juries and Judges as Decision Makers

The Process of Jury Decision Making

Models of Decision Making

The Impact of Evidence

The Effects of Biasing Information

Defendant Characteristics

Inadmissible Evidence

Impeachment Evidence

Complex Evidence

The Group Dynamics of Jury Deliberations

Hot Topic 12.1: The Effects of Technology in and out of the Courtroom

Diversity and Deliberation

Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority

Stages in the Deliberation Process

Other Characteristics of Deliberations

Size of the Jury

Decision Rules (Unanimous or Majority Rule)

Jury Nullification

Jury Reform

Hot Topic 12.2: Should We Use Professional Jurors?

Simplifying Instructions to the Jury

Allowing Jury Discussion During Trial

Judges Compared to Juries

Judges as Decision Makers

Agreement and Disagreement Between Juries and Judges

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 13 Child Custody Disputes

Varieties of Custody Arrangements

Consider This 13.1: Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parent Alienation

Best Interest of the Child Standard

The Tender Years Doctrine

Primary Caretaker Rule

The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1976

Weaknesses of the BICS

Legal Spotlight 13.1: Same-Sex Unions and Child Custody

Approximation Rule

Children’s Responses to Divorce

The Psychologist’s Contribution to Custody Decisions

The Role of the Psychological Expert

Psychological Tests and Their Problems

Scientific American Spotlight 13.1: What’s Wrong With This Picture? by Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M. Wood, and Howard N. Garb

Judges’ Views of Experts

Custody Mediation as an Alternative to Litigation

Parent Coordination and Collaborative Divorce

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 14 Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness

The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law

Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and Perceptions

The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment

Current Status of Harassment Law

Sexual Harassment Lawsuits

The Psychology of Sexual Harassment

Some Causes

Some Effects

Prevention

Scientific American Spotlight 14.1: Who Should Be a Cop? Selecting and Training Police Officers by Rachel Nuwer

A Broader Look at Workplace Discrimination

Scientific American Spotlight 14.2: Detecting Implicit Bias by Siri Carpenter

Racial Discrimination in the Workplace

The Changing Nature of Racial Prejudice

Reducing Racial Bias

Scientific American Spotlight 14.3: Technology, Psychology, and the Search for the Best Employees by Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic and Christopher Steinmetz

Angelina Fellini: Entrepreneur; Artist; Beekeeper, Four years of sales experience

The Psychology of Perceived Fairness

Three Models for Allocating Rewards

Research on Perceptions of Fairness

Consider this 14.1: The Gender Gap in Salaries

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 15 Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment

Sexually Violent Predators and the Law

Consider This 15.1: Sexual Offender Community Notification and Registration Laws

Risk Assessment and the Law

Scientific American Spotlight 15.1: Deranged and Dangerous? by Hal Arkowitz and Scott O. Lilienfeld

Future Dangerousness and the Death Penalty

Civil Commitment

Consider This 15.2: The Tarasoff and Ewing Cases

Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment

Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment

Unstructured Clinical Judgment and Ways to Improve it

Actuarial Prediction

Hot Topic 15.1: Pretrial Detention and the Use of Risk Algorithms: Are They Biased?

Types of Risk Factors

Focus on Careers: Violence Risk Expert

Structured Professional Judgment Instruments

Jurors’ Reactions to Risk-Assessment Evidence

Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Violence

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 16 Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Sentencing Decisions

Consider This 16.1: Free Will and the Purpose of Prisons

Disparities

Guidelines

Types of Imprisonment

Hot Topic 16.1: Modern Solitary Confinement in Supermax Prisons

The Goals of Imprisonment

The Evolution of Prisons in the United States

The 1800s

The 1900s

Scientific American Spotlight 16.1: Victim–Offender Mediation by Cara Tabachnick

Prisoner Rights and the Role of the Courts

Basic Statistics on Prisons and Prisoners

The Distinctive Culture of Prison

The Power of the Prison Situation

The Harshness of Prison Life

Focus on Careers: Correctional Psychologist

Does Prison Work?

Alternatives to Prison

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Chapter 17 The Death Penalty

Capital Punishment in Context

Supreme Court Decisions

Hot Topic 17.1: Should We Execute the Elderly?

Research on Capital Murder Trials

Consider This 17.1: Victim Impact Statements and Execution Impact Statements

Hot Topic 17.2: Ethical Issues in Competency for Execution

Racial Disparities and the Death Penalty

Is the Death Penalty a Deterrent to Murder?

Errors and Mistakes in Death Penalty Cases

In Conclusion

Chapter Review

Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions

Key Terms

Glossary

References

Name Index

Subject Index

Index of Cases and Acts

Notes

Back Cover Page

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