An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1st Edition by Gregory J. Madden, ISBN-13: 978-1119126539

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1st Edition by Gregory J. Madden, ISBN-13: 978-1119126539

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Wiley-Blackwell; 1st edition (May 10, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• 464 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1119126533
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1119126539

Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field.

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.

The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.

The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
• A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
• An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
• A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders

Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.

Table of Contents:

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Behavior Analysis
What Is Behavior?
What Is Behavior Analysis?
The Goals of Behavior Analysis
The First Goal of Behavior Analysis
The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis
Demand More of Your Science
Reading Quiz 1
The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis
Assumption #1: Behavior is determined
Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior
I’m Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior
Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior
Reading Quiz 2
Scientific Method
Reading Quiz 3
What Are the Determinants of Behavior?
Nature
Nurture
Behavioral Epigenetics
The Activities of Behavior Analysts
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Service Delivery
Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis
Organizational Behavior Management
Summary
Reading Quiz 4
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Notes
References
Chapter 2: Understanding Behavioral Research
Variables
Correlation vs Causation
Experiments
Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment
Reading Quiz 1
Measuring Behavior
Behavioral Definitions
Observable and Objective
Refining the Behavioral Definition
Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition
Finalizing the Behavioral Definition
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
What IOA Is Not
Reading Quiz 2
Dimensions of Behavior
Frequency
Latency
Duration
Magnitude
Four Direct-Observation Methods
Outcome Recording
When to Use Outcome Recording
Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording
Event Recording
When to Use Event Recording
Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording
Interval Recording
When to Use Interval Recording
Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording
Duration Recording
When to Use Duration Recording
Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Note
References
Chapter 3: Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis
Group Experimental Designs
Single-Subject Experimental Designs
Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs
Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs
Comparison (A-B) Design
Reversal (A-B-A) Design
Alternating-Treatments Designs
Multiple-Baseline Designs
Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs
Three Kinds of Replication
Reading Quiz 1
Did Behavior Change?
Two Patterns of Behavior Change
What Makes a Change Convincing?
Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis
What Is Responsible for the Change
Reading Quiz 2
Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Notes
References
Chapter 4: Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning
Phylogenetically Selected Behavior
Reflex Learning – Habituation
The “Nature and Nurture” Answer to the “Nature vs Nurture” Debate
Elicited or Evoked?
Reading Quiz 1
Pavlovian Learning
A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure
Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
The Little Albert Experiment
What Became of Little Albert?
Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Reading Quiz 2
What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning?
Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning
Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning
Applying these principles to PTSD
Reading Quiz 3
Generalization
Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy
Graduated Exposure Therapy
Spontaneous Recovery
Extra Box 1: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military
Veterans
Reading Quiz 4
Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life
Taste-Aversion Learning
Advertising
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Notes
References
Chapter 5: Operant Learning I: Reinforcement
Operant Behavior
Reading Quiz 1
Response–Consequence Contingencies
Learning Response–Consequence Contingencies
Noncontingent Consequences
Superstitious Behavior
Reading Quiz 2
Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences
Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea
Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards
Reading Quiz 3
The Discovery of Reinforcement
How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer
From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes
Reading Quiz 4
Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting
Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life
The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior
Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer
Reading Quiz 5
Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games
Games for Good
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2
Notes
References
Chapter 6: Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement in the Lab
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement – Escape (SRE−)
Negative Reinforcement – Escape (SRE−) in the Lab
Negative Reinforcement – Avoidance (SRA−)
Negative Reinforcement – Avoidance (SRA−) in the Lab
Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA−?
Reading Quiz 1
Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference?
Reason 1: Heuristics
Reason 2: Loss Aversion
Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement
Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior
Reinforcement in the Workplace
Three Objections to Reinforcement
Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation
Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement
Creativity
Choking Under Pressure
Objection 3: Cheating
Reading Quiz 2
Theories of Reinforcement
The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement
The Information Theory of Reinforcement
Evaluating the Theories
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
References
Chapter 7: Extinction and Differential Reinforcement
Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement
Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction)
How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work?
Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction
Motivation
Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior
Reading Quiz 1
Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement
Other Effects of Extinction
Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior
Extinction Burst
Extinction-Induced Variability
Extinction-Induced Resurgence
We Tried It at Home
Reading Quiz 2
Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior
Functional Analysis of Behavior
Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior
Differential Reinforcement
Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior
How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement
Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography
Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Note
References
Chapter 8: Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping
Primary Reinforcers
Conditioned Reinforcers
Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers
Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers
The Token Economy
Reading Quiz 1
Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers
Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos
Clicker Training with Humans
Reading Quiz 2
Shaping
Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm
Shaping Human Behavior
Shaping and Flow
Principles of Effective Shaping
Try It at Home: The Shaping Game
Reading Quiz 3
Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Notes
References
Chapter 9: Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation
Everyday Concepts of Motivation
From Motivation to Motivating Operations
Two Kinds of Motivating Operations
Examples of EOs
Examples of AOs
Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning
The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations
Extra Box 1: The Cost of Mentalistic Reasoning
Reading Quiz 1
Identifying Effective Reinforcers: The “Liking” Strategy
Reinforcer Surveys
Stimulus Preference Assessments
Extra Box 2: Avoiding Circularity – The Premack Principle
Reading Quiz 2
Measuring Reinforcer Efficacy
Dimensions of Effective Reinforcers
Contingency
Reinforcer Size
Reinforcer Quality
Reinforcer Immediacy
Summary
Habit Formation
Habits – What Are They and How Are They Formed
Our Everyday Habits
Replacing Bad Habits with Good Ones
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Notes
References
Chapter 10: Punishment
Punishers and Punishment
Two Kinds of Punishment – Both Decrease Behavior
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Reading Quiz 1
When Should We Punish?
Extra Box 1: Punishment Is the Norm – Using It Effectively Is Humane
Six Characteristics of Effective Punishment Interventions
1. Focus on Reinforcement First
2. Combine Punishment with Extinction and/or Differential Reinforcement
3. Deliver Punishers Immediately
4. Deliver Punishment Contingently
5. Punish Every Time
6. Use a Punisher in the Goldilocks Zone
Reading Quiz 2
Primary and Conditioned Punishment
Arranging Effective Conditioned Punishers
Some Commonly Used Punishers
Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement
Response-Cost Punishment
The Watchful Eye of the Punisher
The Role of Reinforcement in the Act of Punishing
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
Note
References
Chapter 11: Complex Contingencies of Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
Variable-Ratio Schedules
The Behavioral Economics of Ratio Schedules
The Underappreciated VR Schedule
Reading Quiz 1
Interval Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval Schedules
Variable-Interval Schedules
Putting in All Together
Reading Quiz 2
Why Study Schedules of Reinforcement?
Extra Box 1: Contingency Management
Schedule Thinning
Scheduling Reinforcers to Enhance Human Performance and Happiness
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Tables 11.1–11.4
Notes
References
Chapter 12: Antecedent Stimulus Control
Phylogenetic and Pavlovian Stimulus Control
Discriminated Operant Behavior
The Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
The SΔ
The SDp
The Three-term Contingency
Reading Quiz 1
Discriminative Stimuli and Establishing Operations
Discrimination Training
Effective Methods of Discrimination Training
Using Discrimination Training to Positively Influence Behavior
Extra Box 1: Direct Instruction of Reading Skills
Generalization
Using Discrimination Training to Improve Stimulus Control
Promoting Generalization and Maintenance
Tactic 1: Teach Behaviors That Will Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement
Tactic 2: Train Diversely
Tactic 3: Arrange Antecedent Stimuli That Will Cue Generalization
Reading Quiz 2
Stimulus-Response Chains
Teaching Stimulus-Response Chains
Prompting and Fading
Extra Box 2: Consciousness
Reading Quiz 3
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
References
Chapter 13: Choice
What Is Choice?
Four Variables Affecting Choice
Reinforcement vs. No Consequence
Reinforcer Size/Quality
Effort
Reinforcer Delay
Summary
Reading Quiz 1
The Rich Uncle Joe Experiment
Choosing between Uncertain Outcomes
Herrnstein’s Matching Equation
More Uncertainty
Research Support for Herrnstein’s Equation
Reading Quiz 2
Extra Box 1: The Matching Law, Terrorism, and White Nationalism
Substitutes
Extra Box 2: What Substitutes for Drug Reinforcers?
Using the Matching Law to Positively Influence Behavior
The Matching Law and Attention
Summary
Reading Quiz 3
Impulsivity and Self-Control
Predicting Impulsive Choice
Predicting Preference Reversals
Influencing Impulsive Choice
Commitment Strategies
Delay-Exposure Training
Reading Quiz 4
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 13.3
Notes
References
Chapter 14: Verbal Behavior, Rule-Following, and Clinical Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Approaches to Language
Skinner’s Functional Taxonomy of Speaker Behavior
Echoic
Mand
Tact
Intraverbal
Training Verbal Operants
Reading Quiz 1
The Behavior of the Listener
Expanding the Verbal Repertoire
Verbal Behavior and Emotions
Reading Quiz 2
Rules and Rule-Governed Behavior
Why Follow the Rules?
Pliance
Tracking
Persistently Following Incorrect Rules
Are We Hopelessly Compliant?
The Dark Side of Tracking
Reading Quiz 3
Breaking the Rules in Clinical Psychology
Extra Box 1: If Thoughts Are Important, Prepare to Suffer
The “Acceptance” in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
The “Commitment” in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Does ACT Work?
Further Reading
Reading Quiz 4
Summary
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions
References
Appendix
Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index

Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.

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